Threshold values and management options for nutrients in a catchment of a temperate estuary with poor ecological status
Abstract. Intensive farming has severe impacts on the chemical status of groundwater and streams and consequently on the ecological status of dependent ecosystems. Eutrophication is a widespread problem in lakes and marine waters. Common problems are hypoxia, algal blooms and fish kills, and loss of water clarity, underwater vegetation, biodiversity, and recreational value. In this paper we evaluate the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) chemistry of groundwater and surface water in a coastal catchment, the loadings and sources of N and P and their effect on the ecological status of an estuary. We calculate the necessary reductions in N and P loadings to the estuary for obtaining a good ecological status, which we define based on the number of days with N and P limitation, and the equivalent stream and groundwater threshold values assuming two different management options. The calculations are performed by the combined use of empirical models and a physically based 3-D integrated hydrological model of the whole catchment. The assessment of the ecological status indicates that the N and P loads to the investigated estuary should be reduced by a factor of 0.52 and 0.56, respectively, to restore good ecological status. Model estimates show that threshold total N concentrations should be in the range of 2.9 to 3.1 mg l−1 in inlet freshwater to Horsens Estuary and 6.0 to 9.3 mg l−1 in shallow aerobic groundwater (∼27–41 mg l−1 of nitrate), depending on the management measures implemented in the catchment. The situation for total P is more complex but data indicate that groundwater threshold values are not needed. The inlet freshwater threshold value for total P to Horsens Estuary for the selected management options is 0.084 mg l−1. Regional climate models project increasing winter precipitation and runoff in the investigated region resulting in increasing runoff and nutrient loads to coastal waters if present land use and farming practices continue. Hence, lower threshold values are required in the future to ensure good status of all water bodies and ecosystems.