scholarly journals CONTENT PRESERVING WATERMARKING FOR MEDICAL IMAGES USING SHEARLET TRANSFORM AND SVD

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W4 ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Favorskaya ◽  
E. I. Savchina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Image ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Dicom Standard ◽  
Shearlet Transform ◽  
Types Of Information

Medical Image Watermarking (MIW) is a special field of a watermarking due to the requirements of the Digital Imaging and COmmunications in Medicine (DICOM) standard since 1993. All 20 parts of the DICOM standard are revised periodically. The main idea of the MIW is to embed various types of information including the doctor’s digital signature, fragile watermark, electronic patient record, and main watermark in a view of region of interest for the doctor into the host medical image. These four types of information are represented in different forms; some of them are encrypted according to the DICOM requirements. However, all types of information ought to be resulted into the generalized binary stream for embedding. The generalized binary stream may have a huge volume. Therefore, not all watermarking methods can be applied successfully. Recently, the digital shearlet transform had been introduced as a rigorous mathematical framework for the geometric representation of multi-dimensional data. Some modifications of the shearlet transform, particularly the non-subsampled shearlet transform, can be associated to a multi-resolution analysis that provides a fully shift-invariant, multi-scale, and multi-directional expansion. During experiments, a quality of the extracted watermarks under the JPEG compression and typical internet attacks was estimated using several metrics, including the peak signal to noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, and bit error rate.

scholarly journals Medical Image Watermarking Technique Using Image Interpolation in Transform Domain

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
S Priya ◽  
B Santhi ◽  
J Raja Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Image ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Structural Similarity Index ◽  
Medical Image Watermarking

In telemedicine, medical data are shared across the world among different specialists for various purposes through an unsecured medium. So there is a need to protect the medical data during transmission. With the help of image watermarking techniques, medical images are protected along with the electronic patient information (EPI). This paper proposes a medical image watermarking, by applying wavelet transform, using an interpolation technique. EPI data is embedded within the transformed medical image to generate a watermarked image. At the extraction side, EPI data are extracted and medical image is reconstructed without any loss. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed using a peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean absolute error (MAE) and structural similarity index (SSIM).   The experimental result shows that the proposed method gives better results.

scholarly journals Encryption Based Image Watermarking Algorithm in 2DWT-DCT Domains

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5540
Author(s):  
Nayeem Hasan ◽  
Md Saiful Islam ◽  
Wenyu Chen ◽  
Muhammad Ashad Kabir ◽  
Saad Al-Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Reconstructed Image ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Watermarking Scheme

This paper proposes an encryption-based image watermarking scheme using a combination of second-level discrete wavelet transform (2DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) with an auto extraction feature. The 2DWT has been selected based on the analysis of the trade-off between imperceptibility of the watermark and embedding capacity at various levels of decomposition. DCT operation is applied to the selected area to gather the image coefficients into a single vector using a zig-zig operation. We have utilized the same random bit sequence as the watermark and seed for the embedding zone coefficient. The quality of the reconstructed image was measured according to bit correction rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and similarity index. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme is highly robust under different types of image-processing attacks. Several image attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, filtering, noise addition, cropping, sharpening, and bit-plane removal, were examined on watermarked images, and the results of our proposed method outstripped existing methods, especially in terms of the bit correction ratio (100%), which is a measure of bit restoration. The results were also highly satisfactory in terms of the quality of the reconstructed image, which demonstrated high imperceptibility in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR ≥ 40 dB) and structural similarity (SSIM ≥ 0.9) under different image attacks.

scholarly journals Image Watermarking Based on IWT and Parity Bit Checking

2021 ◽  
pp. 2726-2739
Author(s):  
Jalal H. Awad ◽  
Balsam D. Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Floating Point ◽  
Integer Coefficient ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Image Pixels

     Various document types play an influential role in a lot of our lives activities today; hence preserving their integrity is an important matter. Such documents have various forms, including texts, videos, sounds, and images.  The latter types' authentication will be our concern here in this paper. Images can be handled spatially by doing the proper modification directly on their pixel values or spectrally through conducting some adjustments to some of the addressed coefficients. Due to spectral (frequency) domain flexibility in handling data, the domain coefficients are utilized for the watermark embedding purpose. The integer wavelet transform (IWT), which is a wavelet transform based on the lifting scheme, is adopted in this paper in order to provide a direct way for converting image pixels' integer values to integer coefficient values rather than floating point coefficients that could be produced by the traditional wavelet transform. This direct relation can enhance the processed image quality due to avoiding the rounding operations on the floating point coefficients. The well-known parity bit approach is also utilized in this paper as an authentication mechanism, where 3 secret parity bits are used for each block in an image which is divided into non-overlapped blocks in order to enforce a form of fragile watermark approach. Thus, any alteration in the block pixels could cause the adopted (even) parity to be violated. The fragile watermarking is achieved through the modification of least significant bits ((LSBs) of certain frequency coefficients' according to the even parity condition. In spite of this image watermarking operation, the proposed method is efficient. In order to prove the efficiency of our proposed method, it was tested against standard images using measurements like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM).  Experiments showed promising results; the method preserves high image quality (PSNR≈ 44.4367dB, SSIM≈ 0.9956) and good tamper detection capability.

Secure Image Watermarking in a Compressed SPIHT Domain Using Paillier Cryptosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Gupta ◽  
Anurag Mishra ◽  
Sarika Jain
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Homomorphic Encryption ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Set Partitioning ◽  
Content Authentication ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Paillier Cryptosystem

A secure solution to the problem of copyright infringement and content authentication is to carry out image watermarking in secure signal processing (SSP) domain. Homomorphic encryption is considered one such solution for image watermarking in this domain. The Paillier encryption is found to be suitable for image processing applications in general and for watermarking in particular. In this article, a detailed investigation is carried out by using Paillier cryptosystem for twelve different color images in a compressed domain. The compression of the host images is carried out by SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees) coding. The visual quality of the images post embedding and image processing attacks is assessed by using two full reference metrics, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). The performance evaluation of the Paillier cryptosystem vis-à-vis watermark application development is carried out by computing three benchmark metrics: number of pixels change rate (NPCR), unified average changing intensity (UACI) and encryption speed.

scholarly journals Multiscale Transform and Shrinkage Thresholding Techniques for Medical Image Denoising – Performance Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-146
Author(s):  
S. Shajun Nisha ◽  
S. P. Raja
Keyword(s):  
Image Denoising ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Qualitative Performance

AbstractDue to sparsity and multiresolution properties, Mutiscale transforms are gaining popularity in the field of medical image denoising. This paper empirically evaluates different Mutiscale transform approaches such as Wavelet, Bandelet, Ridgelet, Contourlet, and Curvelet for image denoising. The image to be denoised first undergoes decomposition and then the thresholding is applied to its coefficients. This paper also deals with basic shrinkage thresholding techniques such Visushrink, Sureshrink, Neighshrink, Bayeshrink, Normalshrink and Neighsureshrink to determine the best one for image denoising. Experimental results on several test images were taken on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), X-RAY and Computed Tomography (CT). Qualitative performance metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Weighted Signal to Noise Ratio (WSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Correlation Coefficient (CC) were computed. The results shows that Contourlet based Medical image denoising methods are achieving significant improvement in association with Neighsureshrink thresholding technique.

Medical image fusion based on nonsubsampled shearlet transform and principal component averaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tannaz Akbarpour ◽  
Mousa Shamsi ◽  
Sabalan Daneshvar ◽  
Masoud Pooreisa
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Shearlet Transform ◽  
Nonsubsampled Shearlet Transform ◽  
Medical Image Fusion ◽  
Planning Methods

Medical image fusion has a crucial role in many areas of modern medicine like diagnosis and therapy planning. Methods based on principal component analysis (PCA) have been extensively used in area of medical image fusion due to their computational simplicity. Methods based on multiresolution analysis are of attraction now due to their ability in extracting image details. A new method is proposed in this paper to benefit from these advantages. For this aim, firstly, images are transformed into multiscale space based on nonsubsampled shearlet transform (NSST). Secondly, principal components and weights of each subband are calculated. Averaging them yields weights necessary for fusion step. Finally, fused image is achieved by merging source images according to weights. Quantitative and qualitative analysis prove outperformance of our methods compared to well-known fusion methods and improvement compared to subsequent best method, in terms of standard deviation [Formula: see text], entropy [Formula: see text], structural similarity [Formula: see text], signal to noise ratio [Formula: see text] and fusion performance metric [Formula: see text].

scholarly journals Modified Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimization for Multilevel Thresholding Image Segmentation

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 2363
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Ewees ◽  
Laith Abualigah ◽  
Dalia Yousri ◽  
Ahmed T. Sahlol ◽  
Mohammed A. A. Al-qaness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Differential Evolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Multilevel Thresholding ◽  
Artificial Ecosystem ◽  
Segmentation Methods

Multilevel thresholding is one of the most effective image segmentation methods, due to its efficiency and easy implementation. This study presents a new multilevel thresholding method based on a modified artificial ecosystem-based optimization (AEO). The differential evolution (DE) is applied to overcome the shortcomings of the original AEO. The main idea of the proposed method, artificial ecosystem-based optimization differential evolution (AEODE), is to employ the operators of the DE as a local search of the AEO to improve the ecosystem of solutions. We used benchmark images to test the performance of the AEODE, and we compared it to several existing approaches. The proposed AEODE achieved a high performance when evaluated by the structural similarity index (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and fitness values. Moreover, the AEODE outperformed the basic version of the AEO concerning SSIM and PSNR by 78% and 82%, respectively, which reserves the best features for each of AEO and DE.

ANALISIS SENSITIVITAS VIDEO MPEG-4 BERDASARKAN STRUKTUR FRAME PADA TRANSMISI DVB-T

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Sandy Suryo Prayogo ◽  
Tubagus Maulana Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Structural Similarity Index ◽  
Noise Ratio

DVB merupakan standar transmisi televisi digital yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini. Unsur terpenting dari suatu proses transmisi adalah kualitas gambar dari video yang diterima setelah melalui proses transimisi tersebut. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dari suatu gambar, salah satunya adalah struktur frame dari video. Pada tulisan ini dilakukan pengujian sensitifitas video MPEG-4 berdasarkan struktur frame pada transmisi DVB-T. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan simulasi matlab dan simulink. Digunakan juga ffmpeg untuk menyediakan format dan pengaturan video akan disimulasikan. Variabel yang diubah dari video adalah bitrate dan juga group-of-pictures (GOP), sedangkan variabel yang diubah dari transmisi DVB-T adalah signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) pada kanal AWGN di antara pengirim (Tx) dan penerima (Rx). Hasil yang diperoleh dari percobaan berupa kualitas rata-rata gambar pada video yang diukur menggunakan metode pengukuran structural-similarity-index (SSIM). Dilakukan juga pengukuran terhadap jumlah bit-error-rate BER pada bitstream DVB-T. Percobaan yang dilakukan dapat menunjukkan seberapa besar sensitifitas bitrate dan GOP dari video pada transmisi DVB-T dengan kesimpulan semakin besar bitrate maka akan semakin buruk nilai kualitas gambarnya, dan semakin kecil nilai GOP maka akan semakin baik nilai kualitasnya. Penilitian diharapkan dapat dikembangkan menggunakan deep learning untuk memperoleh frame struktur yang tepat di kondisi-kondisi tertentu dalam proses transmisi televisi digital.

Joint Encryption and Compression-Based Watermarking Technique for Security of Digital Documents

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
A. K. Singh ◽  
S. Thakur ◽  
Alireza Jolfaei ◽  
Gautam Srivastava ◽  
MD. Elhoseny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Compression Performance ◽  
Strong Compression ◽  
Multiple Watermarks ◽  
Value Decomposition

Recently, due to the increase in popularity of the Internet, the problem of digital data security over the Internet is increasing at a phenomenal rate. Watermarking is used for various notable applications to secure digital data from unauthorized individuals. To achieve this, in this article, we propose a joint encryption then-compression based watermarking technique for digital document security. This technique offers a tool for confidentiality, copyright protection, and strong compression performance of the system. The proposed method involves three major steps as follows: (1) embedding of multiple watermarks through non-sub-sampled contourlet transform, redundant discrete wavelet transform, and singular value decomposition; (2) encryption and compression via SHA-256 and Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), respectively; and (3) extraction/recovery of multiple watermarks from the possibly distorted cover image. The performance estimations are carried out on various images at different attacks, and the efficiency of the system is determined in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation (NC), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), number of changing pixel rate (NPCR), unified averaged changed intensity (UACI), and compression ratio (CR). Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the proposed system with similar schemes indicates its superiority to them.

scholarly journals Multimodal Medical Image Fusion using Guided Filter in NSCT Domain

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1937-1946
Author(s):  
Nancy Mehta ◽  
Sumit Budhiraja
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Phase Congruency ◽  
Edge Preserving ◽  
Medical Image Fusion ◽  
Fused Image

Multimodal medical image fusion aims at minimizing the redundancy and collecting the relevant information using the input images acquired from different medical sensors. The main goal is to produce a single fused image having more information and has higher efficiency for medical applications. In this paper modified fusion method has been proposed in which NSCT decomposition is used to decompose the wavelet coefficients obtained after wavelet decomposition. NSCT being multidirectional,shift invariant transform provide better results.Guided filter has been used for the fusion of high frequency coefficients on account of its edge preserving property. Phase congruency is used for the fusion of low frequency coefficients due to its insensitivity to illumination contrast hence making it suitable for medical images. The simulated results show that the proposed technique shows better performance in terms of entropy, structural similarity index, Piella metric. The fusion response of the proposed technique is also compared with other fusion approaches; proving the effectiveness of the obtained fusion results.

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