scholarly journals A review of wave climate and prediction along the Spanish Mediterranean coast

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sánchez-Arcilla ◽  
D. González-Marco ◽  
R. Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Fields ◽  
Wave Parameters

Abstract. This paper reviews the characterization of wave storms along the Spanish/Catalan Mediterranean coast. It considers the "physical" and "statistical" description of wave parameters and how they are affected by the prevailing meteo patterns and the sharp gradients in orography and bathymetry. The available field data and numerically simulated wave fields are discussed from this perspective. The resulting limits in accuracy and predictability are illustrated with specific examples. This allows deriving some conclusions for both short-term operational predictions and a long-term climatic assessment.

scholarly journals (M,β)-Stability of Positive Linear Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavian Pastravanu ◽  
Mihaela-Hanako Matcovschi
Keyword(s):  
Linear System ◽  
Linear Systems ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
The Right ◽  
Long Term Behavior ◽  
Stability Concept

The main purpose of this work is to show that the Perron-Frobenius eigenstructure of a positive linear system is involved not only in the characterization of long-term behavior (for which well-known results are available) but also in the characterization of short-term or transient behavior. We address the analysis of the short-term behavior by the help of the “(M,β)-stability” concept introduced in literature for general classes of dynamics. Our paper exploits this concept relative to Hölder vectorp-norms,1≤p≤∞, adequately weighted by scaling operators, focusing on positive linear systems. Given an asymptotically stable positive linear system, for each1≤p≤∞, we prove the existence of a scaling operator (built from the right and left Perron-Frobenius eigenvectors, with concrete expressions depending onp) that ensures the best possible values for the parametersMandβ, corresponding to an “ideal” short-term (transient) behavior. We provide results that cover both discrete- and continuous-time dynamics. Our analysis also captures the differences between the cases where the system dynamics is defined by matrices irreducible and reducible, respectively. The theoretical developments are applied to the practical study of the short-term behavior for two positive linear systems already discussed in literature by other authors.

Long-term and Short-term Spectral Stability Characterization of Supercontinuum Laser Sources

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Llorente ◽  
Marta Beltran ◽  
Joaquin Perez ◽  
Noboru Uehara ◽  
Md. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Stability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Laser Sources ◽  
Supercontinuum Laser

Hindered phenolic antioxidants as heat-oxygen stabilizers for HDPE

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112097116
Author(s):  
Yuru Wang ◽  
He Ren ◽  
Yibin Yan ◽  
Shuyan He ◽  
Shuang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Phenolic Antioxidants ◽  
Irganox 1010 ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Oxidation Induction Time ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Stability Tests

The effects of four hindered phenolic antioxidants in the short-term heat-oxygen stability of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was evaluated by the Melt Flow Rate (MFR) and Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) analyses. The results showed that Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010 had more excellent processing property and oxidation resistance behavior in HDPE than Irganox 1024 and Irganox 3114. The OIT values of HDPE with Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010 were up to 97.25 min and 89.73 min respectively. The long-term accelerated heat-oxygen stability tests of HDPE containing hindered phenolic antioxidants were carried out at 110°C in deionized water pressurized with pure oxygen at a pressure of 10 MPa. The characterization of the long-term heat-oxygen stability was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. However, the results exhibited that the aging resistance of HDPE containing Irganox 1010 was inferior to that of HDPE containing Irganox 1024 and Irganox 3114, which is quite contrary to their short-term effect on HDPE stabilization. It may be speculated that the ester groups of Irganox 1010 undergo hydrolysis during the long-term heat-oxygen stability tests, leading to the formation of 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl) propanoic acid and pentaerythritol.

Long-Term Wave Power Statistics for Individual Waves

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernt J. Leira ◽  
Dag Myrhaug
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Power Device ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Power Potential ◽  
The Individual

The paper provides long-term bivariate distributions of wave power with wave height, and wave power with wave period. This is relevant for assessments of wave power devices and their potential for converting energy from waves. The results can be applied to compare systematically the wave power potential for individual waves at different locations based on short-term statistical description of the individual waves and the long-term statistical information of the wave climate. Furthermore, it allows for assessment of the efficiency of a given wave power device for each location.

scholarly journals On the Identification and Characterization of Drought and Aridity in Postglacial Paleoenvironmental Records from the Northern Great Plains

2004 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 229-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwynne B. Beaudoin
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Instrumental Data ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Abstract The Northern Great Plains region is especially sensitive to drought and is likely to be even more drought-prone under projected global warming. Drought has been invoked as an explanatory factor for changes seen in postglacial paleoenvironmental records. These proxy records may extend drought history derived from instrumental data. Moreover, in the last decade, some paleoenvironmental studies have been expressly undertaken for the examination of long-term drought history. Nevertheless, few such studies explicitly define drought. This makes it difficult to compare results or to understand what the results mean in terms of the operational drought definitions that are used in resource management. Operational drought is defined as usually short-term; longer sustained dry intervals reflect a shift to aridity. Therefore, high resolution paleoenvironmental proxies (annual or subdecadal) are best for the investigation of drought history. Such proxies include tree rings and some lake records. However, most lake-based records are sampled at lower resolution (decadal or subcentury) and are therefore providing aridity signals.

scholarly journals Comparison of Design Wave Heights Determined on the Basis of Long- and Short-term Measurement Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-142
Author(s):  
Marek Szmytkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Szmytkiewicz ◽  
Tomasz Marcinkowski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Data ◽  
Wave Parameters ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Wave Trains ◽  
Coastal Research

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine differences between design wave heights determined on the basis of short- and long-term wave trains. Wave parameters measured over a period of 7.47 years in the vicinity of Coastal Research Station Lubiatowo were used as short-term wave data, while wave parameters determined through the so-called wave reconstruction for a period of 44 years for the same region and depth were used as long-term wave data. The results of the calculations lead to the conclusions the significant wave height distributions obtained for short and long-term wave data are similar.

Defining the Long-Term Wave Resource at Wave Hub: The Role of Measurements and Models

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Phillips ◽  
Joao Cruz ◽  
Rob Holbrow ◽  
Jeremy Parkes ◽  
Rob Rawlinson-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Data ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

Wave measurements made on the site of a potential wave energy project can be of high value to developers. Such data can be used to define both long-term and short-term wave energy resources available to devices as well as the optimal operations and maintenance strategy which should be employed for the project. All three of these applications are addressed in an ongoing study commissioned by the npower Juice Fund for the Wave Hub project which is planned off the South West coast of England. The aim of this work is to extract best value from the historical and future wave measurements from the project site. The programme of this project is outlined here with a technical description of activity in the three parallel strands of the study; wave resource assessment, short-term forecasting and O&M modelling. The focus of this paper is on a key aspect of the ongoing work programme - that relates to the use of measured and modelled wave data to derive a prediction of the long-term wave climate at the Wave Hub site. In particular, various candidate methodologies for correlating short-term measured wave data and long-term modelled data are explored in the context of a Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP) analysis. This work has also included consideration of the inter-annual variability of wave resource in order to examine the uncertainty associated with assuming that a finite historical reference period is representative of the long-term wave climate.

scholarly journals Preconditioning and Acute Effects of Flavonoids in Protecting Cardiomyocytes from Oxidative Cell Death

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Akhlaghi ◽  
Brian Bandy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Higher Doses

While flavonoids can reportedly protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, the relative effectiveness of different flavonoids and the mechanisms involved are unclear. We compared protection by different flavonoids using rat embryonic ventricular H9c2 cells subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and totert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-buOOH). Characterization of the IR model showed the relative contributions of glucose, serum, and oxygen deprivation to cell death. With long-term (2-3 day) pretreatment before IR the best protection was given by catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, and ascorbate, which protected at all doses. Quercetin protected (34%) at 5 μM but was cytotoxic at higher doses. Cyanidin protected mildly (10–15%) at 5 and 20 μM, while delphinidin had no effect at 5 μM and was cytotoxic at higher doses. Comparing long-term and acute protection by catechin, a higher concentration was needed for benefit with acute (1 hr) pretreatment. With a pure oxidative stress (t-buOOH) only quercetin significantly protected with 3-day pretreatment, while with short-term (1 h) pretreatments protection was best with quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate. The results suggest catechins to be especially useful as IR preconditioning agents, while quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate may be the most protective acutely in situations of oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Characterization of stipe elongation of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (9) ◽  
pp. 1893-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenming Zhang ◽  
Xiuxiu Wu ◽  
Yajun Zhou ◽  
Zhonghua Liu ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Material ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Coprinopsis Cinerea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Inactivation ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Snail Protein ◽  
Two Phases

Previously, we observed an acid-induced short-term wall extension in Flammulina velutipes apical stipes during a 15 min period after a change from a neutral to an acidic pH. This acid-induced stipe wall extension was eliminated by heating and reconstituted by a snail expansin-like protein, although we failed to isolate any endogenous expansin-like protein from F. velutipes because of its limited 1 mm fast elongation region. In this study, we report that Coprinopsis cinerea stipes possess a 9 mm fast elongation apical region, which is suitable as a model material for wall extension studies. The elongating apical stipe showed two phases of acid-induced wall extension, an initial quick short-term wall extension during the first 15 min and a slower, gradually decaying long-term wall extension over the subsequent 2 h. After heating or protein inactivation pretreatment, apical stipes lost the long-term wall extension, retaining a slower short-term wall extension, which was reconstituted by an expansin-like snail protein. In contrast, the non-elongating basal stipes showed only a weaker short-term wall extension. We propose that the long-term wall extension is a protein-mediated process involved in stipe elongation, whereas the short-term wall extension is a non-protein mediated process not involved in stipe elongation.

scholarly journals Interannual Response of Reef Islands to Climate-Driven Variations in Water Level and Wave Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4089
Author(s):  
Michael V. W. Cuttler ◽  
Kilian Vos ◽  
Paul Branson ◽  
Jeff E. Hansen ◽  
Michael O’Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Island Evolution ◽  
Reef Islands ◽  
Wave Conditions

Coral reef islands are among the most vulnerable landforms to climate change. However, our understanding of their morphodynamics at intermediate (seasonal to interannual) timescales remains poor, limiting our ability to forecast how they will evolve in the future. Here, we applied a semi-automated shoreline detection technique (CoastSat.islands) to 20 years of publicly available satellite imagery to investigate the evolution of a group of reef islands located in the eastern Indian Ocean. At interannual timescales, island changes were characterized by the cyclical re-organization of island shorelines in response to the variability in water levels and wave conditions. Interannual variability in forcing parameters was driven by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles, causing prolonged changes to water levels and wave conditions that established new equilibrium island morphologies. Our results present a new opportunity to measure intermediate temporal scale changes in island morphology that can complement existing short-term (weekly to seasonal) and long-term (decadal) understanding of reef island evolution.

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