THE USING OF TERRESTRIAL LASER (POINT CLOUD) SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES ON URBAN SCALE: EXAMPLE OF THE HISTORICAL URBAN TEXTURE OF LAPSEKİ

Aim: This study aims to comparatively evaluate the use potential of orthophoto images obtained by terrestrial laser scanning technologies on an urban scale through the "Old Lapseki Finds Life Project" prepared using terrestrial laser scanning technologies and the "Enez Historical City Square Project" prepared using traditional methods. Method: In the study, street improvement projects of 29.210 m2 Lapseki and 29.214 m2 Enez city designed on an urban scale were evaluated and compared with descriptive statistics based on different parameters. Results: In the study, it has been determined that terrestrial laser (point cloud) technologies are 99,9% accurate when compared to traditional methods, save time by 83,08% and reduce workforce by 80%. In addition, it has been determined that terrestrial laser scanning technologies accelerate project processes compared to traditional methods. Conclusion: In this study, the use of laser scanning technologies, which are basically reverse engineering applications, in architectural restoration projects, determination of the current situation and damage, architectural documentation of structures and preparation of three-dimensional models, in terms of efficiency in survey studies are evaluated. It has been observed that orthophoto images obtained by terrestrial laser scanning technologies in architectural relief-restoration-restitution projects have potentials' worth using in different stages of the project.

EMULATION TO THE NATURE IN BASIC DESIGN EDUCATION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Aim: The main purpose of the study is to create a recreational spatial organization with basic design elements and principles by emulating nature in increasing visual literacy. With this study, it was aimed to stimulate students' imagination and make them design spatial organization by emulating geological rock sections in sustainable design approaches of rural landscape areas. Method: The process of producing solutions to the design problem given was carried out by using (i) 14-week basic design training, (ii) taking thin samples from geological rocks for petrographical studies, and (iii) the analogical thinking method which was the inspiration of Goldschmidt and Smallov (2006) and Cardoso and Badke-Schavub (2011) for the transformation of their ideas into forms. Findings: By analyzing the concepts related to the given problem, the solution of the design problem began, and the designers’ abstract ideas were concretized and handled within the framework of the concept. Students, who received the subject of study during the design process, completed the product they prepared in line with the basic design education they received in order to obtain a product from the concept whichthey created in their mind by emulating geological rock sections. The process was successfully completed by adding something to the obtained product, removing something from the obtained product, and combining something with the obtained product in this process. Result: The ability to have a versatile perspective in design education, which finds common ground forart and architecture education, is vital. This study showed that in architectural education, the design process can collaborate with different disciplines and that the products may be unique and sensitive to ecosystem services.

CHANGING PERCEPTION OF HOUSING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: EVALUATIONS OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS

Aim: Pandemics have posed a threat to people and affected life throughout history. This study focuses on the experiences of the third and fourth year students of the Department of Interior Architecture and the common use area stakeholders regarding the pre-Covid-19 pandemic and the pandemic process. The aim of the study is to observe whether the future designers' awareness of the changing spatial usage priorities of the house, the spatial problems that arise at different scales, and their professional sensitivities and predictions for the future of housing design. Method: Online face-to-face interviews were conducted with 25 participants selected from among the third and fourth year students of Eskişehir Technical University, Istanbul Technical University, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Marmara University and Hacettepe University Interior Architecture Departments. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. All data collected through interviews and sketches were evaluated with descriptive analysis and five themes were created. Findings: In line with the opinions of the participants, it was understood that they saw the house as a "home" or "shelter" to which they were attached with a sense of belonging and trust. In addition, it has been observed that they need to reconsider the elements that affect the housing design and the relations with the immediate environment in a different way. Conclusion: It was concluded that the awareness of the interior architecture students, who are the designers of the future, about the changing spatial relations in the house, the spatial problems that emerged during the pandemic process, and their professional sensitivities and predictions for the future of housing design.

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Aim: In early childhood play; is an important activity in terms of mental and physical development. Another factor that is as crucial as the activity’s itself is the playgrounds. In this context the study, examines the artificial environment created in the sense of atmosphere and fittings by addressing uniformization in indoor playgrounds. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the space-fittings relationship in the context of light, color, texture and material in indoor playgrounds designed for children. Therefore, the effects of these spaces on child development and perception will be evaluated. Method: The field of inquiry has been determined as indoor playgrounds in Cepa-Kentpark-Armada-Next Level-Panora and Gordion shopping centers in Ankara. A questionnaire was applied to academician interior designers and child development specialists working at the universities in Ankara. Statistical data analysis was made using the SPSS Program. Results: A total of 64 designers and child development experts were surveyed within the scope of the research. The importance of color, light, texture and material only on gender in the context of space-child relationship at the point of perception and experiencing the space Color- 2.56 (1.36), Texture- 2.39 (1.39), Material- 2.64 (1,32) and Lighting- 2.19 (1.29). For experts from two different disciplines, creativity- 4.93 (0.26) and security- 4.88 (0.43) are the leading criteria when evaluated in terms of child-space. Conclusion: In this study, it is seen that expert opinions from two different disciplines make similar evaluations in the design of indoor playgrounds.

THE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS IN TURKEY AND SELECTION OF THE STRUCTURE

Aim Building structures are assessed with several parameters such as cost, construction time, fire resistance, life cycle, maintenance and repair frequency, and environmental impacts. Building structures are reviewed as masonry, steel framed, wood framed, reinforced concrete framed, composite and prefabricated structures. This study aims to analyze the existing building stock of Turkey and assess the existing buildings in terms of their structural system decisions. Method: Following the comparative assessment of the types of structures based on literature review, assessment criteria for the selection of structural system are determined and a statistical analysis of the existing building stock in Turkey has been made in terms of the use of different structures. A questionnaire was prepared for the architects who decided the structural system in the design phase. Respondents evaluate the structural systems and selection criteria. Statistical analysis is made with the results of the survey. Findings: There is a clear preference for reinforced concrete framed structures in Turkey. A quantitative assessment of the structural systems in the existing buildings in Turkey by 2018 shows that 93.13% of the building stock has reinforced concrete framed. Looking at the individual years in the 2009 to 2018 period, the rate of preference of using reinforced concrete framed structures never went below 89% among all types of structures, but steel framed structure is the most preferred structural system at the end of the survey. Conclusion: It is thought-provoking that although different structures have different comparative advantages, structures other than reinforced concrete framed are preferred so little. The findings will contribute to making the right decision in building structure with the assessment of different structures in different aspects.

GROTTOES THAT HAVE SURVIVED TO THE PRESENT DAY FROM ISTANBUL'S HISTORICAL GARDENS AND THEIR ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

Since the 18th century, water elements in new forms have been added to the diversity of water elements that are very rich in the design of Ottoman gardens. One of the most commonly used elements in garden arrangements in Istanbul during this period is the grottos, which are artificial caves. Aim: Considering the examples of these structures in Istanbul, it is seen that many of them have disappeared, and those that have survived to the present day have conservation problems. It is necessary to research the design and structural plan of the grottoes, the materials used and the decoration program so that the necessary restoration and conservation work can be carried out. For this reason, this study aimed at determining the design properties of the grottoes in historical gardens in Istanbul. Method: Within the scope of the study, grottos located in Yıldız Palace, Maslak Pavilions, Beykoz Pavilion, Emirgan Grove, Abraham Pasha Grove and Mizzi Mansion garden were architecturally evaluated in detail. Result: The grottos in historical gardens in Istanbul were created by covering the surfaces of a bearing structure created using stone, brick and iron supports with a mortar, natural or artificial stones to form a cave. The basic principle in the design is to obtain a natural look. Grottoes resembled cascades with the water that usually flowed in a stepped way were also used to grow plants on them, to create a strolling area in the garden, or as a watch area. Conclusion: With this study, it has been observed that in order to protect the grottos in the historical gardens of Istanbul, it has been seen that it is necessary to prepare their inventories, to reveal conservation problems and to do more research on the subject.

PERCEPTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ARCHITECTURAL FACADE PERCEPTION DUE TO ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

Aim: In this study, the façades of tourism buildings designed with different currents (universalism, regionalism, syncreticism, contextualism, neovernakularism) on the Antal-ya coastline, in terms of 'taste', 'chaos', 'affection', 'familiarity', by groups of architects and non-architects. It is aimed to examine how it is perceived. Method: For this purpo-se, the fronts of 20 tourism buildings from 5 different styles, designed with a modern and postmodern approach, were analyzed by 60 people through a questionnaire. In the survey, adjective pairs such as impressive / ordinary, original / imitation, coarse / elegant, modest / flamboyant, complex / plain, familiar / unfamiliar, modern / outdated, questio-ning the façade features for tourism buildings were evaluated with a five-digit semantic differentiation scale. The analysis of the data sets obtained through the questionnaire was performed with the IBM Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) 23 For Windows statistical software package program. At the beginning of the study, it was thought that the subjects would have perception-behavioral performance differences depending on the architectural education. Results: Unlike the non-architect profession, the architect group liked the universalism, neo-natalism and regionalism movements, found it impressive and original; It was determined that he did not like the synchterism and contextualism movements as complex, rude and outdated. Conclusion: In the analysis, it was seen that the differences between architects and non-architects are statis-tically significant. As a result of the study, it was determined that there are significant differences between architects and non-architects in evaluating the adjectives of expres-siveness, complexity, familiarity and originality. İndividuals who do not have an archi-tectural education are familiar with the traditional inspired structures, and they find the-se structures impressive It is for the individuals who study architecture to find modern and regionalist structures impressive and original.

ANALYSIS OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF PLAN TYPES; EXAMPLE OF ANKARA ESKİŞEHİR ROAD REGION

Since the beginning of history, human beings have made great advances in technology. In the field of architecture, this movement has had reflections such as new construction and application techniques and the use of different materials. In parallel with this rapid progress in building and construction technology, solutions that meet the changing needs in architectural design have started to be offered. Aim: The aim of the research is to find out which plan type is the most preferred in terms of design in high-rise office buildings in Eskişehir road region, which attracts attention with its office building stock in Ankara, and to analyze the relationship of this plan type preference with the building's height and current value parameters. Method: Tracing method was used to find the ratio of plan types in the examined office buildings and to establish the relationship of these plan types with height and m2 current value. Then the obtained data were evaluated statistically and regression values were found by using regression analysis method. Results: In the 12 office structures examined in the study, open office (47%), mixed office (27%), closed (13%) and co-working offices (13%) were preferred, respectively. 66% of the multi-storey office buildings in the sample space of the research have a height of 100 m or more. Closed offices are the lowest value in terms of market value and mixed offices are the highest valued. Conclusion: It is understood that open-plan offices are preferred in the Ankara Eskişehir road region. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that these plan types, which are mostly used in office buildings, have a directly proportional relationship with the concept of current value per m2, but not with the height of the multi-storey building. In this respect, it is possible to say that architectural design decisions directly affect the real estate market of the country and this interaction has formed an important relationship with the country's economy by shaping the capital market.

THE REFLECTION OF CULTURAL ASPECTS ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: CASE OF BURHANLI VILLAGE, CEYHAN

Aim: The financial, social and cultural development in urban areas encouraged people to move out from rural areas which resulted in the extinction of vernacular architecture shaped as a result of cultural background. The main aim of this study is to examine how cultural aspects are reflected to spaces in vernacular architecture. Method: Burhanlı Village located in Ceyhan/Adana is chosen as the case study, because of its unique settlement character where yörük culture can still be seen. Within the scope of the study, historical development of Burhanlı village is examined, survey drawings of 16 traditional houses are prepared and interviews with local residents are undertaken in order to understand how culture is reflected in inner and outer spaces. Findings: It is ascertained that building stock in the village is mostly comprised of two storey houses, where ground floors are used as stables or warehouses, the upper floors include spaces for daily living. In the houses where sofa is the main element of the plan organization, wood, mud brick or stone was used as building material and it is revealed that traditional houses are under threat because of poor quality intervention. Conclusion: It is determined that culture was reflected more in details in inner and outer spaces rather than spatial organization and that these unique qualities have to be preserved.

AN INVESTIGATION ON INTERACTIVE THEMES APPERTAINING TO DESIGN EDUCATION, AS CONCEPTUAL COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM

Design education is a highly interdisciplinary area of study, reserving continual common problematics that have close affiliation with technological change, communicative tools or periodic social tendencies, as well as cognitive approaches. This complex operational network necessitates a heuristic approach, involving systemic and intuitive processes synchronously. Aim: Considering the traditional arduousness of defining, measuring or even predicting the existing or probable quantifiable outputs of an educational model focusing on various design disciplines, a basic framework for a conceptual model basing interactive association is constructed, using extensively adopted words or phrases to clarify possible connections for giving way to foreseeable creative ideational strikes in a sustainable educative process. Method: Stated words and phrases are coded and positioned on a comprehensive base quoted from the literature, followed by a mapping via eight generic titles that are used as a tool set for making a classificative settlement on a specific table, peculiar to the research. Components of the table are planned to be associated for an interactive interpretation through the discussion, in the light of the research aims. Results: Intraindividual methodical operation process of this study has shown the decisive effect of systemic thinking in formulating a theoretical guideline for a futuristic design education approach. Particular outcomes point out the actual dominancy of interactive educative models across innovative activities. Conclusion: Particular findings of the research point out that a systems oriented prudential educational guideline, formulating the utilization of intuitive thinking, would revive future-proof approaches concerning design education. Primarily emphasized conceptual factors that are proposed to focus on design education in the light of inferences of this study, are introduced as systemic reasoning, temporal fluidity of educative concepts, cognitive interaction, sustainable innovation and flexible conceptual platforms.