scholarly journals The Menagerie or the Visitor’s Pass? Aleksandra Zrazhevskaia and Praskov’ia Bakunina on Russian Women Writers

2007 ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Diana Greene
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Critical Reception ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
Literary Exchange ◽  
Literary Movements

This article examines an 1842 literary exchange between Aleksandra Zrazhevskaia (1805-1867) and Praskov’ia Bakunina (1810-1880?) concerning the place of women writers in nineteenth-century Russian literature. It is followed by a translation of the exchange itself. Zrazhevskaia’s “Zverinets” (The Menagerie), a formally innovative work of literary criticism addressed in part to Bakunina, challenged the social norms that discouraged women’s writing, as well as the men literary critics who enforced them. In a verse epistle response, Bakunina repudiated Zrazhevskaia’s ideas, maintaining that Russian men critics will extend hospitality and courtesy to women writers who comport themselves as guests in the men’s club of Russian letters. The exchange raises questions about the critical reception of women writers in mid nineteenth-century Russia, women as literary critics, and the gendering of nineteenth century literary movements and aesthetics, which are discussed in relation to the wider pan-European literary climate of the time.

ANNE BRONTË'S SHAMEFUL AGNES GREY

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Hallemeier
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Social ◽  
Agnes Grey ◽  
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

For much of the twentieth century, literary criticism tended to be relatively dismissive of Anne Brontë's novels. While recent scholarship has argued for the complexity of gender and class dynamics in Agnes Grey (1847), there is little consensus as to what, precisely, those dynamics are. Elizabeth Hollis Berry suggests that Agnes “takes charge of her life” (58), and Maria H. Frawley argues that her narrative is a “significant statement of self-empowerment” (116). Maggie Berg and Dara Rossman Regaignon, however, highlight the continued subjugation of Agnes in the course of her narrative. These scholars’ divergent readings demonstrate how Agnes Grey and Agnes Grey can be read both as illustrative of what Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has famously described as the nineteenth century “female individualist” (307), and as instructive of the social strictures that circumscribed this identity. In this essay, I outline how shame works in and through the novel to bridge these opposing readings.

scholarly journals “Of peaceful leisure quiet occupations...” The concept of LEISURE in the Russian literature of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
E. N. Stroganova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Privileged Class ◽  
Spiritual Work ◽  
The 19Th Century

In recent years, the question of peculiarities of the concept of LEISURE has become actual in Russian philological studies. However, little has been said about its use in nineteenthcentury literature. The semantic base of the concept of LEISURE, as well as that of rest, idleness, or entertainment, is free time. However, they are marked by considerable dissimilarities. In Russian literature of the nineteenth century, the true aim of leisure was thought to be the benefit that could be derived from free time. This idea is best testified by prosaic texts. The poetry of the early nineteenth century manifested in various forms the idea of leisure as indispensable for private life, compared to state service. The sphere of leisure included private occupations: reading, self-education, spiritual work (meditation, reverie, self-knowing), communication with friends, private correspondence. Leisure was also a prerequisite for literary work. However, those occupations were peculiar to the privileged class. In the middle of the nineteenth century, one of the discussion aspects of the social inequality problem was putting forward the peasant (a working man) as a potential beneficiary of leisure. Popular leisure was thought to consist mainly of intellectual occupations, i.e., education and mental development. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, due to growing political struggle, providing workers with leisure time was perceived as one of its incentives.

Attitudes and Responses to Vagrancy in Ireland in the Long Nineteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Crossman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Category

This essay focuses on a special category of Irish crime: vagrancy. While vagrancy was a criminal offence in its own right, it was often its association with other forms of criminality and immorality that ensured ‘tramps’ could be viewed with fear and contempt in the Irish countryside. The relationship between crime and poverty has been a subject of considerable debate in numerous scholarly fields. This essay makes the important point that tramps were viewed with suspicion, not on account of their poverty intrinsically, but rather because they consciously rejected social norms in favour of an itinerant lifestyle. The ‘tramp problem’ occupied the attentions of the public and the administrators alike at the turn of the century: the former sometimes startled by the arrival at their door of a ‘big lazy fellow’ demanding relief, and the latter busily issuing circulars to magistrates and police imploring them to clamp down on the offenders. In the end, however, an unsatisfactory justice system predicated on punishment merely reinforced existing prejudices and did little to alleviate the social inequality that gave rise to vagrancy in the first place.

Conclusion

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Price
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Shared Reading ◽  
Recent Memory ◽  
The Social

This concluding chapter looks at George Gissing's New Grub Street (1985). Gissing's satire identifies a diffuse threat: that the book might become a vector for the social entanglements from which it's supposed to provide an escape. By the nineteenth century, the emotions generated by shared reading were coded less positively. Today, a gulf separates any literary critic's description of his own reading of a particular text—whose interest lies in its atypicality, even its perverseness—from a scholar's description of readings that are removed from his own world and whose agent is imagined as either collective or representative. In recent memory, that gulf has mapped on to a division of labor between two disciplines, literary criticism and cultural history.

On the critical reception of religious literary criticism

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Светлана Владимировна Бурмистрова
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Critical Reception ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Biblical Hermeneutics ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Definition Of

В статье представлена попытка проанализировать современную критическую рецепцию религиозного подхода («богословско-догматического», «конфессионального (православного) подхода») к изучению русской словесности. Автор рассматривает вопрос о генезисе термина «религиозное литературоведение», его связи с дефиницией «религиозная философия», а также вопрос о его функционировании в современной гуманитарной науке. Выявляется преемственность религиозной филологии с философской и литературоведческой традицией рубежа XIX-XX веков. Обозначена методологическая неоднородность «религиозной филологии», в которой сосуществуют два самостоятельных подхода: «богословско-догматический» и собственно филологический подход. Рассматривается дискуссия о специфике предметного поля религиозного литературоведения и особенностях интерпретационной модели, позволяющей объективно проанализировать отечественную словесность в православном аспекте. К наиболее значимым тенденциям современной религиозной филологии можно отнести следующие: анализ литературного материала в междисциплинарном ключе, в том числе с использованием методов библейской герменевтики; смещение акцента с вопроса о степени религиозности того или иного автора на проблему функционирования религиозных кодов в художественной системе, их трансформация как на индивидуально-авторском, так и на общекультурном уровне. Анализ критических суждений о «религиозном литературоведении» представлен в формате «pro et contra» (С. Бочарова, М. Дунаева, И. Есаулова и др.). This article attempts to analyze the modern critical reception of the religious approach ("theological and dogmatic", "confessional (Orthodox) approach") to the study of Russian literature. Author considers the genesis of the term "religious literature", its relationship to the definition of "religious philosophy", as well as the question of its functioning in the modern humanitarian science. The author reveals the continuity of religious philology with philosophical and literary tradition of the late XIX-XX centuries. The author indicates the methodological heterogeneity of "religious philology", where two independent approaches coexist: theologico-dogmatic and philological ones. The author considers the debate about the specificity of the subject area of the religious literary studies and peculiarities of the interpretational model, which allows to analyze the Russian literature objectively from the Orthodox point of view. Among the most significant trends of modern religious philology are the following: analysis of literary material in an interdisciplinary way, including the use of biblical hermeneutics methods; shifting the emphasis from the question of the degree of religiosity of the author to the problem of functioning of religious codes in the artistic system, their transformation both at individual author and at general cultural level. The analysis of critical judgments on "religious literary studies" is presented in the "pro et contra" format (S. Bocharova, M. Dunayev, I. Esaulova and others).

scholarly journals Modern Russian female prose in Chinese Russian studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
Zhao Xue ◽  
◽  
Yu. A. Govorukhuna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Chinese Reader ◽  
Women Saints ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Issue Relevance ◽  
Harmonious Family ◽  
Modern Russian

Chinese literary scholars studying Russian literature come to a conclusion by the end of the twentieth century that its history has many “white spots.” Thus, efforts are made to fill the existing lacunas, and one of them is the modern Russian female prose. The paper analyzes the Chinese reader’s receptive attitudes determining the interpretation and evaluation of the works of Russian women-writers. One reason for the interest in Russian female literature is the “women’s issue” relevance in China. “Soft” Chinese feminism is a receptive context defining the text interpretation. In the Russian literature scholars’ works, it is manifested in the desire to see harmonious intersexual relations in the Russian women-writers’ prose, in a high assessment of a “holy” type in the character sphere. The Chinese reader highly appreciates overcoming the male-female opposition, searching for forms of dialogue, and imagining a harmonious family. Continuity is a relevant cultural receptive attitude of the Chinese reader, the link with tradition being a significant criterion for evaluating a phenomenon. Chinese scholars note that female literature continues the realistic tradition of telling about the social “bottom” and “little man,” thereby provoking the reader’s interest. Russian female prose is the “young” object in Chinese Russian studies. The Russian philology specialists are looking for linguistic “connectors,” e. g. themes and a typology of heroes, to see the phenomenon as a whole. Chinese specialists focus on the themes of survival, love, and family. The hero typology includes such types as the “new Amazons,” playing women, saints.

scholarly journals طلائع الحداثة: الحركات الاجتماعية والأدبية وروّادها / The pioneers of Modernism: The social and literary movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio George Abdo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Advanced Society ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Movements ◽  
The Way

ملخص البحث: رفع القرن التاسع عشر الاعتقاد بأهمية القيم الإنسانية والثقافية والعلمية الى مستويات جديدة جعلت حركة التغيير تنبعث بقوة في العالم كلّه، واحتدمت رحلة البحث عن الغنى والابتكار، وكان لمجيء نابليون وما حمله من وسائل النهضة الى مصر، والثورة الثقافية والتجارية والصناعية، أثر في جعل الشرق يشهد تململاً ويتطلع في ظروف صعبة نحو آفاق التحرّر والعالميّة التي انشغل بها أهل العربية من المفكّرين والأدباء والفنانين الذين دعوا الى نهضة شاملة جديدة، وكان لمصر ولبنان نصيب كبير في التململ والبحث؛ وذلك بسبب استعدادهما من جهة، ولتأثير حركة التعليم والبعثات العلمية والثقافة الجديدة وألوان التواصل، والتي أتيحت لمثقفيّ الشرق الجدد الذين رغبوا آنذاك في أن ينقلوا مجتمعاتهم الى ظروف عيش مختلفة، أن يدركوا فيها نصيباً مما أدركه الغرب من نهضة الفكر والعلوم  والفنون والنظم السياسية والاجتماعية، وقد دعوا الى قيام مجتمعات متطوّرة في احترامها للإنسان وحرّيته وكرامته وحاجاته المادية والمعنوية والثقافية، وتركوا لنا تراثاً من الحكمة الأدبية، أبرزوا فيه شجاعتهم وتصميمهم. توصلت الدراسة إلى ما كان لطلائع الحداثة من نتائج نهضوية خلاقة على مستوى التحرر الفكريّ والسياسيّ والأدبيّ والفنّي الذي منح الشرق بإسهام مبدعيه، ونهضته الجديدة ومكانته التي تطوّرت وزهت زمناً طويلاً.    الكلمات المفتاحيّة: النهضة العربيّة -  مصر– حركات التحرّر – الترجمة - الروّاد الكبار.   Abstract: The nineteenth century had witnessed the awareness of the importance of human, cultural and scientific values to new levels that prompted worldwide movement for change that affected the quest for fortune and creativity. The conquest that Napoleon had paved the way for renaissance in Egypt pushing the country towards cultural, industrial and commercial revolution that pulled the country from its dire conditions to embrace new hopes for freedom and globalization that had occupied the minds of Arab thinkers, writers and literary circle. Their call for new comprehensive renaissance filled the air. Egypt and Lebanon were in this particular scenario of this quest due to their preparedness on one hand and the influence of the foreign educational and cultural missions on the other. This had opened the opportunity for arrays of communication that had enabled the newly emerged educated circle who longed to see the penetration of Western paradigm to initiate progress in the thinking, sciences, arts, politics and social spectrums of their people. They had called for an advanced society in respecting human and their rights for freedom and their cultural, material and spiritual needs. They had left a legacy in literature and wise sayings that carried their designs and bravery.   Keyword: Arab renaissance – Egypt – liberation movement – translation – Great Pioneers.   Abstrak: Kurun ke Sembilan belas telah menyaksikan kesedaran terhadap pentingnya nilai-nilai kemanusiaan, budaya dan ilmu pada tahap yang lebih tinggi yang telah mencetuskan pergerakan menuntu perubahan di seluruh dunia yang memberi kesan kepada pencarian kekayaan dan krativiti. Pengusaan Napolean terhadap Mesir telah membuka jalan kepada zaman pembaharuan di negara tersebut yang merintis kepada tercetusnya revolusi kebudayaan, perindustrian dan perdagangan. Keadaan ini dapat menyelamatkan Mesir daripada keadaannya yang menyedihkan kepada satu harapan untuk kebebasan dan globalisasi yang menular ke benak pemikiran para cendiakiawan, penulis dan karyawan Arab. Desakan mereka untuk pembaharuan memenuhi segala pelusuk ruang. Mesir dan Lubnan termasuk di dalam senario tuntutan pembaharuan ini kerana kebersediaan warganya dan pengaruh asing yang disemai pendidikan barat pemudanya yang mengaji di sana. Ini seterusnya telah membuka ruang untuk percambahan pemikiran dalam kalangan golongan berdidikan yang amat inginkan paradigma Barat itu mencetuskan perubahan dalam corak pemikiran, ilmu pengetahuan, seni, politik dan lingkungan sosial bangsa mereka. Seruan mereka adalah untuk memartabatkan bangsa dengan menghormati hak-hak kemanusiaan untuk kebebasan serta keperluan manusia kepada budaya, aspek material dan keruhanian. Mereka telah meninggalkan nama yang harum dalam penulisan dan kata-kata hikmah bermakna yang melakarkan keberanian ucapan mereka.   Kata kunci: Pergerakan pembaharuan Arab – Mesir- pergerkan pembebasan – terjemahan – pelopor agung.

scholarly journals Psychoanalytical Disclosure of Karan Bajaj’s Keep off the Grass and Johnny Gone Down

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5280-5282
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Conscious Mind ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Inner World

Psychoanalytic criticism, one of the branches of literary criticism, uses the methods and techniques of psychoanalysis proposed by an Austrian, Sigmund Freud to interpret literature, primarily the characters in a work of art. According to Sigmund Freud — whose contribution to the field of psychology is large in quantity, and huge in number — unconscious is a part of mind, which is beyond conscious mind, but has a great deal of impact upon human actions. Freud divided a person’s personality into three levels: ego, super-ego, and id, respectively, the consciousness, the conscience, and the unconsciousness. The Id is humans’ psychological energy which is derived from instinctual needs and drives. The Ego is the organized mediator between inner world of a person and reality of the world outside. The Super ego is conscious mind of humans that acts according to the social norms and moral principles. This article focuses on the conflict among id, ego, and super ego of Samrat, the protagonist of Keep of the Grass and Johnny of Johnny Gone Down.

Liszt at the Piano: The Impact of Iconography on mid-Nineteenth Century Musicology

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Suzanne Marie Francis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Music History ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
The Impact

By the time of his death in 1827, the image of Beethoven as we recognise him today was firmly fixed in the minds of his contemporaries, and the career of Liszt was beginning to flower into that of the virtuosic performer he would be recognised as by the end of the 1830s. By analysing the seminal artwork Liszt at the Piano of 1840 by Josef Danhauser, we can see how a seemingly unremarkable head-and-shoulders bust of Beethoven in fact holds the key to unlocking the layers of commentary on both Liszt and Beethoven beneath the surface of the image. Taking the analysis by Alessandra Comini as a starting point, this paper will look deeper into the subtle connections discernible between the protagonists of the picture. These reveal how the collective identities of the artist and his painted assembly contribute directly to Beethoven’s already iconic status within music history around 1840 and reflect the reception of Liszt at this time. Set against the background of Romanticism predominant in the social and cultural contexts of the mid 1800s, it becomes apparent that it is no longer enough to look at a picture of a composer or performer in isolation to understand its impact on the construction of an overall identity. Each image must be viewed in relation to those that preceded and came after it to gain the maximum benefit from what it can tell us.

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