scholarly journals opportunity cost of parking requirements: Would Silicon Valley be richer if its parking requirements were lower?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-301
Author(s):  
C.J. Gabbe ◽  
Michael Manville ◽  
Taner Osman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Santa Clara County ◽  
Productivity Gain ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Year 2000

We estimate the off-street parking supply of the seven most economically productive cities in Santa Clara County, California, better known as Silicon Valley. Using assessor data, municipal zoning data, and visual inspection of aerial imagery, we estimate that about 13 percent of the land area in these cities is devoted to parking, and that more than half of the average commercial parcel is parking space. This latter fact suggests that minimum parking requirements, if binding, depress Silicon Valley’s commercial and industrial densities, and thus its economic output. In an exploratory empirical exercise, we simulate a reduction in parking requirements from the year 2000 forward and show that under conservative assumptions the region could have added space for nearly 13,000 jobs, equivalent to a 37 percent increase over the actual job growth that occurred during that time. These additional jobs would be disproportionately located in the region’s highest-wage zip codes and could add more than $1 billion in payroll annually, further implying a large productivity gain.

scholarly journals Green urbanization

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260393
Author(s):  
Jan Eeckhout ◽  
Christoph Hedtrich
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
City Population ◽  
Percent Increase

Large cities are more productive and generate more output per person. Using data from the UK on energy demand and waste generation, we show that they are also more energy-efficient. Large cities are therefore greener than small towns. The amount of energy demanded and waste generated per person is decreasing in total output produced, that is, energy demand and waste generation scale sublinearly with output. Our research provides the first direct evidence of green urbanization by calculating the rate at which per capita electricity use and waste decrease with city population. The energy demand elasticity with respect to city output is 83%: as the total output of a city increases by one percent, energy demand increases less than one percent, and the Urban Energy Premium is therefore 17%. The energy premium by source of energy demand is from households (13%), transport (20%), and industry (16%). Similarly, we find that the elasticity of waste generation with respect to city output is 90%. For one percent increase in total city output, there is a less than one percent increase in waste, with an Urban Waste Premium of 10%. Because large cities are energy-efficient ways of generating output, energy efficiency can be improved by encouraging urbanization and thus green living. We perform a counterfactual analysis in a spatial equilibrium model that makes income taxes contingent on city population, which attracts more people to big cities. We find that this pro-urbanization counterfactual not only increases economic output but also lowers energy consumption and waste production in the aggregate.

African Population Growth and Politics

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Yohannis Abate
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Small Population ◽  
African Population ◽  
World Population ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The World ◽  
Year 2000

The population of Africa in 1977 is estimated to be 423 million, which is about 10.3 percent of the world population. For a quarter of the world’s land area, that is a small population.Africa’s share of world population declined between 1650 and 1920, partly because the population of Europe and the Americas was increasing gradually through factors associated with the Industrial Revolution, and partly because of the ravages of the slave trade and the European colonial pacification measures. Since the 1920s, however, Africa’s population has been growing fast, and its share of world population could reach 13 percent by the year 2000.

scholarly journals Model Based Comparison of Covid-19 Cases in Two Counties in the Silicon Valley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santanu Basu
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Santa Clara County ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
San Mateo County ◽  
Case Data

ABSTRACTA recently developed model to analyze Covid-19 case data has been applied to compare the Covid-19 cases and hospital bed usage in Santa Clara county and San Mateo county which are in the Silicon Valley region of California. The model gives prediction for number of cases and deaths and number of hospital beds six weeks in advance. The model is versatile and can be applied to other countries and regions as well.

Erweitertes Gender-BIP- Eine geschlechts-spezifische Analyse des traditionellen Bruttoinlandsproduktes und der Haushaltsproduktion in Deutschland / Extended Gender-GDP - A Gender-Specific Analysis of Traditional GDP and Household Production in Germany

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Schaffer ◽  
Carsten Stahmer
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Household Production ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

SummaryThe traditional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reflects the money value of the annual economic output produced by the domestic industries’ employees. Thus, the GDP fully accounts for paid work. In contrast, unpaid work remains unconsidered. However, measured in time units, unpaid work clearly exceeds paid work. Therefore, societies rely likewise on paid and unpaid work. The study at hand identifies women’s and men’s volume of paid and unpaid work in time units and money values. For this purpose, German time use data are combined with the traditional monetary input-output table (IOT) for the year 2000 and its inverse matrix. While the IOT provides information about the industries’ direct and indirect contributions to traditional GDP, time use data determine the gender-specific paid and unpaid workload. Thus, women’s and men’s share in an extended GDP, defined as the sum of traditional GDP and household production, can be given.Finally the genders’ level of qualification is taken into account. This, in turn, allows for a more precise identification of the gender-specific quality of work.

scholarly journals Pleistocene vertebrates of Silicon Valley (Santa Clara County, California)

PaleoBios ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Clare Maguire ◽  
Patricia A. Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Santa Clara County

Comments on Manuscript Preparation

2012 ◽  
pp. 50-72
Keyword(s):  
New Products ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Technical Writers ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Good Writing ◽  
Grant Proposals ◽  
Professional Writers ◽  
Year 2000

According to one study of the fastest growing areas of employment, desktop publishing was going to experience a 67% increase in the number of employees from the year 2000 to the year 2010, adding about 25,000 new workers (Bear, 2010). And, in an update of that study, it was noted that job growth in this field has slowed some in part because many employers expect all employees to possess good writing skills. There is a great demand for good writers and specifically technical writers. Among other things, professional writers inform people about new products, produce documentation for software, edit manuals, write books, and develop grant proposals. Nearly all people who work in a science-related field or with computers write a great deal. Since writing is a large facet of many jobs, it is important to write well and efficiently. This chapter will help to improve one’s writing skills and writing habits.

scholarly journals FACTORS, CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS FOR FINE QUALITY OF AERIAL IMAGERY, OBTAINED FOR MAPPING PURPOSES

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
Irina A. Anikeeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Automatic Methods

Fine image quality assessment of aerial imagery, obtained for mapping purposes, is a relevant problem today. The purpose of this article is development the criteria system of fine image quality assessment of aerial topographic imagery and set requirements to them. The article discusses a set of factors that determine the fine image quality - natural surveying conditions, its technical and technological conditions and parameters. The article carries out the analysis of how these factors influence on aerial imagery and shows the main defects of images caused by them – such as blurring, haze, loss of information in highlights and shadows, high random noise, color disbalance. The article defines the ways for identifying these defects and assessing their influence on the fine quality of aerial imagery both visual and automatic methods. It is shown that image fine quality assessment must be carried out in terms of structural and gradation (photographic) characteristics. It is also shown that, in addition to the above characteristics, fine quality of aerial images can be influenced by random factors, the appearance of which cannot be predicted. Defects caused by these factors are revealed by operator’s visual inspection. The requirements for several fine image quality criteria, which allow to establish this research phase, are given.

Assessing Change in Canada's Forest Resource 1977-1981

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-428
Author(s):  
T. G. Honer
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Timber Volume ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Standing Timber ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Forest Renewal

The statistics on Canada's forest resource for the period 1977–1981 show that annual accruals to timber volume are about 338 million m3 and annual withdrawals total about 287 million m3. This results in an average annual increase in standing timber volume of about 51 million m3 or 0.2%. In terms of land area, about 1.77 million ha were added annually to the stocked productive forest land base whereas annual withdrawals comprised 2.22 million ha. As a result about 452 000 ha of forest land go out of production annually as being not satisfactorily restocked to commercial tree species. Continued erosion of the land base for forestry could result in approximately 14% or 31 million ha of forest land being out of production by the year 2000. Since 1981, federal-provincial agreements to renew the forest have totalled $1.057 billion and emphasis is on planting the backlog of lands that are not satisfactorily restocked. The forestry data base needs improvement and recommendations are presented that could enhance existing classifications and demonstrate the increased productivity attributable to forest renewal funding.

scholarly journals Labour Market Adjustment in the Construction Industry 2001-2006

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menaka Saravanaperumal
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Average Wage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
High Population Growth ◽  
Employee Data

The construction industry experienced heightened activity from 2001 to 2006 concurrent with low interest rates, high population growth, strong wage and job growth, and property investments from overseas. Following this heightened demand, there was a 41.4 percent increase in employment in the construction industry over the six-year period. This compared with a 15.5 percent increase across all other industries excluding construction. This study, uses the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED) to investigate how the market adjusted to the higher level of employment. Across the construction industry from 2001 to 2006, relative average wage growth was subdued. However, a change in the composition o f labour hired was evident. The majority of inflows into the construction industry came from alternative industries, with every six in ten workers previously engaged in an alternative industry in the past year. The construction industry continued to source its workers from the same industries. However, the composition o f workers flowing from these industries into construction shifted towards younger and hence less experienced workers. This shift suggests that there were concessions on quality in adjusting to the higher level of employment. The increased inflow of younger and less experienced individuals, together with the relatively higher inflow of self- employed individuals into the construction industry, explains the comparatively subdued growth in average wages across the construction industry at a time of strong employment growth.

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