scholarly journals Bearing the Brunt of Structural Inequality: Ontological Labor in the Academy

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruthanne Crapo ◽  
Ann J Cahill ◽  
Melissa Jacquart
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Marginalized Groups

Empirical data show that members of underrepresented and historically marginalized groups in academia undertake many forms of undervalued or unnoticed labor. While the data help to identify that this labor exists, they do not provide a thick description of what the experience is like, nor do they offer a framework for understanding the different kinds of invisible labor that are being undertaken. We identify and analyze a distinct, undervalued, and invisible labor that the data have left unnamed and unmeasured: ontological labor, the work required to manage one’s identity and body if either or both do not fit into academic structures, norms, and demands. We argue that ontological labor efforts should be understood as a form of labor. We then provide a characterization of ontological labor, detailing the labor as navigating one’s obligations to give and managing entitlements to take. We also highlight the ontological labor that takes place through instances of resistance, such as through complaint or refusals.

scholarly journals Aristotelian Moral Psychology and the Situationist Challenge

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-277
Author(s):  
Adam M. Croom
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Science ◽  
Psychological Studies

Abstract For some time now moral psychologists and philosophers have ganged up on Aristotelians, arguing that results from psychological studies on the role of character-based and situation-based influences on human behavior have convincingly shown that situations rather than personal characteristics determine human behavior. In the literature on moral psychology and philosophy this challenge is commonly called the “situationist challenge,” and as Prinz (2009) has previously explained, it has largely been based on results from four salient studies in social psychology, including the studies conducted by Hartshorne and May (1928), Milgram (1963), Isen and Levin (1972), and Darley and Batson (1973). The situationist challenge maintains that each of these studies seriously challenges the plausibility of virtuous personal characteristics by challenging the plausibility of personal characteristics more generally. In this article I undermine the situationist challenge against Aristotelian moral psychology by carefully considering major problems with the conclusions that situationists have drawn from the empirical data, and by further challenging the accuracy of their characterization of the Aristotelian view. In fact I show that when properly understood the Aristotelian view is not only consistent with empirical data from developmental science but can also offer important insights for integrating moral psychology with its biological roots in our natural and social life.

Ontology I: From Brain to World–Brain Relation

2018 ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Georg Northoff
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
Relational View ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The World ◽  
Ontological Dimension ◽  
World Brain ◽  
Mental Properties ◽  
The Brain

How can we account for the brain’s existence and reality? I now shift my focus from the empirical (Part I and II) context in the previous chapters to the ontological dimension. Specifically, I focus on an “ontology of brain” as part of a wider “philosophy of brain” (Northoff 2004). Based on the empirical data, I argue that the brain’s existence and reality is based on structure and relation rather than elements like properties. This makes possible to determine the brain’s existence and reality by world-brain relation rather than physical or mental properties within the brain itself. That is well compatible with ontic structural realism (OSR). More specifically, the world-brain relation can be understood in spatiotemporal terms entailing what I describe as “spatiotemporal ontology”. Time and space are here no longer understood in observational terms, e.g., “observational time and space”, but rather as relational in the sense of OSR, i.e., “relational time and space”. Taken together, I ontologically characterize the brain by world-brain relation presupposing relation and structure as in OSR. This amounts to a “relational view” of the brain in our “ontology of brain”. Such relational view of the brain’s existence and reality can be specified by “relational time and space” (as I say) as distinguished from “observational time and space”. That opens the door for a novel ontological characterization of consciousness in the terms of world-brain relation and OSR – this shall be the focus in the next chapter.

Two myths of representational measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Eran Tal
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Qualitative Structure ◽  
Numerical Representations

Abstract Axiomatic measurement theories are commonly interpreted as claiming that, in order to quantify an empirical domain, the qualitative structure of data about that domain must be mapped to a numerical structure. Such mapping is supposed to be established independently, i.e., without presupposing that the domain can be quantified. This interpretation is based on two myths: that it is possible to independently infer the qualitative structure of objects from empirical data, and that the adequacy of numerical representations can only be justified by mapping such qualitative structures to numerical ones. I dispel the myths, and show that axiomatic measurement theories provide an inadequate characterization of the kind of evidence required to detect quantities.

scholarly journals The Social Construction of Mistrust

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p177
Author(s):  
Laura Levy Maurer, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

I intend to contribute to the knowledge base about the nature of mistrust as a social construct. My inquiry includes an unpacking of the construct of mistrust from the construct of trust based in the current literature. Once situated, I undertook a semiotic study of empirical data about the construct of mistrust based on the experiences of stakeholders in a local nonprofit organization as events unfolded during a 9-month period from August 2018 until April 2019. Applying repeated iterations of the data I constructed a contextualized thick description of mistrust. The findings of the study impact the common sense and didactic interpretations of mistrust. Practitioners of social change can apply the results to expand available strategies to mitigate mistrust and reduce the stresses that compromise the resources available to their communities and organizations to fulfill their objectives.

Implicit Bias and Reform Efforts in Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-102
Author(s):  
Jules Holroyd ◽  
Jennifer Saul ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Way

This paper takes as its focus efforts to address particular aspects of sexist oppression and its intersections, in a particular field: it discusses reform efforts in philosophy. In recent years, there has been a growing international movement to change the way that our profession functions and is structured, in order to make it more welcoming for members of marginalized groups. One especially prominent and successful form of justification for these reform efforts has drawn on empirical data regarding implicit biases and their effects. Here, we address two concerns about these empirical data. First, critics have for some time argued that the studies drawn upon cannot give us an accurate picture of the workings of prejudice, because they ignore the intersectional nature of these phenomena. More recently, concerns have been raised about the empirical data supporting the nature and existence of implicit bias. Each of these concerns, but perhaps more commonly the latter, are thought by some to undermine reform efforts in philosophy. In this paper, we take a three-pronged approach to these claims. First, we show that the reforms can be motivated quite independently of the implicit bias data, and that many of these reforms are in fact very well suited to dealing with intersectional worries. Next, we show that in fact the empirical concerns about the implicit bias data are not nearly as problematic as some have thought. Finally, we argue that while the intersectional concerns are an immensely valuable criticism of early work on implicit bias, more recent work is starting to address these worries.

scholarly journals Asymmetries of leadership: Agency, response and reason

Leadership ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Tomkins ◽  
Jean Hartley ◽  
Alexandra Bristow
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Police Leadership ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
The World ◽  
Leadership Experience ◽  
Or Task

Drawing on empirical data from an action research project in policing, we propose that the power relations of leadership unfold in asymmetries of agency, response and reason: Leaders both expect and experience more responsibility than control; more blame than praise; and interpretations of failure – both their own and others’ – based more on personal fault than on situational or task complexity. We focus, therefore, on power asymmetry not in the sense of structural inequality between leaders and followers, but rather, as constellations of incongruity, imbalance and unevenness which circumscribe leaders’ actions, choices, relationships and feelings about their work. From this perspective, privilege and disadvantage are not polar opposites reflecting the powerful versus the powerless; instead, they are intimately interwoven within leadership experience. The asymmetries of police leadership involve an intermingling of the necessary and the impossible; a decoupling of failure from irresponsibility; resilience at the prospect of being blamed for success as readily as for failure; and containment of society’s unresolved crises of responsibility, anxiety and risk. We crystallise this as a paradox of transparency and occlusion – of openness and closedness – in which police leaders are scrutinised by, and answerable to, those whom they must also protect, including from having to bear the full burden of knowledge of the dangers of the world. We reflect on the implications of this not just within policing, but for critical understandings of the power of leadership more generally.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA SIMBOL HEWAN DALAM PERCAKAPAN POLITIK DI TWITER

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-62
Author(s):  
Aloysius Rangga Aditya Nalendra ◽  
Sultan Himawan ◽  
Jeffry Latumahina ◽  
Bryan Kalbu Adhi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
The Social ◽  
Semiotic Theory ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract: This research is in the form of descriptive qualitative. This study tries to analyze the language phenoma by using Pierce's semiotic theory. Researchers used many data taken from Twitter social media as data taken from January 2018 to November 2019. Empirical data found on Twitter was processed and analyzed using the thick description method. The study conducted observations on social media and conducted data collection with an experimental system for this neutrality study. The results of this study are the discovery of the fact of the use of animal symbols, namely tadpoles, bat and desert lizards in the interaction of the social media world by netizens. Researchers found the meanings and symbols of the use of these animals only as a mocking tool but also became a symbol of guidance to criticize the animal symbol as not only a stigma but also a means of controlling social criticism.Abstrak: Penelitian ini berbentuk deskriptif kualitatif  yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa fenoma bahasa dengan teori semiotic Pierce. Peneliti meggunakan beberapa data yang diambil dari media sosial twitter sebagai data empiris yang diambil dalam  kurun waktu Januari 2018 hingga November 2019. Data empiris yang ditemukan dalam twitter tersebut diolah dan dianalisa dengan metode  thick description. peneliti melakukan observasi di dalam media sosial dan melakukan pengambilan data dengan sistem acak guna menjaga netralitas penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini adalah penemuan fakta empiris penggunaan simbol hewan yakni cebong, kampret dan kadal gurun dalam interkasi dunia sosial media yang dilakukan oleh netizen. Peneliti menemukan kesamaan makna dan tujuan penggunaan symbol ketiga hewan tersebut yakni bukan hanya  sebagai alat mengejek tetapi juga menjadi symbol petunjuk untuk mengkritik sehingga symbol hewan tersebut bukan saja menjadi stigma namun juga menjadi alat kontrol kritik sosial.   

scholarly journals Some problems with the lexical status of nondefault inflection

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Indefrey
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Lexical Status ◽  
Differential Effects

Clahsen's characterization of nondefault inflection as based exclusively on lexical entries does not capture the full range of empirical data on German inflection. In the verb system differential effects of lexical frequency seem to be input-related rather than affecting morphological production. In the noun system, the generalization properties of -n and -e plurals exceed mere analogy-based productivity.

scholarly journals A New Measure of Market Inefficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Stephens ◽  
Harald A. Benink ◽  
José Luís Gordillo ◽  
Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Empirical Measure ◽  
Efficient Markets ◽  
Market Inefficiency ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Efficient Markets Hypothesis

Financial crises, such as the Great Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 and the COVID-19 Crisis of 2020–2021, lead to high volatility in financial markets and highlight the importance of the debate on the Efficient Markets Hypothesis, a corollary of which is that in an efficient market it should not be possible to systematically make excess returns. In this paper, we discuss a new empirical measure—Excess Trading Returns—that distinguishes between market and trading returns and that can be used to measure inefficiency. We define an Inefficiency Matrix that can provide a complete, empirical characterization of the inefficiencies inherent in a market. We illustrate its use in the context of empirical data from a pair of model markets, where information asymmetries can be clearly understood, and discuss the challenges of applying it to market data from commercial exchanges.

scholarly journals Ishaq v Canada: “Social Science Facts” in Feminist Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 99-126
Author(s):  
Dana Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Social Facts ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Court Of Appeal

This article examines the role of social science in feminist intervener advocacy, focusing on the 2015 case ofIshaq v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration). InIshaq, a Muslim woman challenged a Canadian government policy requiring her to remove her niqab while reciting the citizenship oath. The Federal Court of Appeal dismissed several motions for intervention by feminist and other equality-seeking organizations, emphasizing their improper reliance on unproven social facts and social science research. I argue that this decision departs from the generous approach to public interest interventions sanctioned by the federal and other Canadian courts. More importantly, the Court’s characterization of the intervener submissions as relying on “social science facts” that must be established through the evidentiary record diminishes the capacity of feminist interveners to effectively support equality and access to justice for marginalized groups in practice.

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