scholarly journals ЛОГИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СУБЪЕКТИВНЫХ ПРЕДИКАТОВ

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Polina Pavlukhina
Keyword(s):  
Faultless Disagreement ◽  
De Re ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Acquaintance Inference

This article discusses the prominent issues of subjective language, which includes PPTs. They take into account opinions rather than facts. Modern logicians and linguists who consider PPTs notice the puzzle about faultless disagreement and the problem of the acquaintance inference. Over the past 10 years, two main doctrines have formed which offer different solutions to these issues: contextualism and relativism. The competition between them is considered in this article. Additionally, we point out that there is a special attention to the speaker in subjective language because the meaning of the sentence is determined from the position of the speaker. However, we assume that subjective predicates can also involve non-local judges, who are not always the speaker. In this regard, we need to turn to a logical apparatus, namely the de re reading, which allows taking into account non-local judges in subjective statements. В данной статье исследуются субъективные предикаты, которые рассматривают скорее мнение, чем факты. Современные логики и лингвисты обращают особое внимание на проблему безошибочного разногласия и роль непосредственного опыта. За последние 10 лет сформировалось два основных лагеря, которые предлагают различные решения данных вопросов. Дискуссия между данными направлениями будет затронута в данной работе. Отмечается, что особое внимание уделяется говорящему, с позиции которого определяется значение предложения, но субъективные предикаты могут говорить так же и о нелокальных судьях, которыми не всегда является говорящий. В связи с этим отмечается необходимость обращения к логическому аппарату, а именно чтению de re, которое позволяет учитывать нелокальных судей в субъективных высказываниях.

Automated Image Denoising Model: Contribution Towards Optimized Internal and External Basis

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150051
Author(s):  
S. Elavaar Kuzhali ◽  
D. S. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Image Denoising ◽  
Image Patch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Means ◽  
Hybrid Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Processing Step ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Chicken Swarm Optimization ◽  
Selection Of

For handling digital images for various applications, image denoising is considered as a fundamental pre-processing step. Diverse image denoising algorithms have been introduced in the past few decades. The main intent of this proposal is to develop an effective image denoising model on the basis of internal and external patches. This model adopts Non-local means (NLM) for performing the denoising, which uses redundant information of the image in pixel or spatial domain to reduce the noise. While performing the image denoising using NLM, “denoising an image patch using the other noisy patches within the noisy image is done for internal denoising and denoising a patch using the external clean natural patches is done for external denoising”. Here, the selection of optimal block from the entire datasets including internal noisy images and external clean natural images is decided by a new hybrid optimization algorithm. The two renowned optimization algorithms Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO), and Dragon Fly Algorithm (DA) are merged, and the new hybrid algorithm Rooster-based Levy Updated DA (RLU-DA) is adopted. The experimental results in terms of some relevant performance measures show the promising results of the proposed model with remarkable stability and high accuracy.

scholarly journals Causation does not explain contextuality

Quantum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Shrapnel ◽  
Fabio Costa
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Quantum Correlations ◽  
Global Constraints ◽  
Local Constraints ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
The World ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Initial States

Realist interpretations of quantum mechanics presuppose the existence of elements of reality that are independent of the actions used to reveal them. Such a view is challenged by several no-go theorems that show quantum correlations cannot be explained by non-contextual ontological models, where physical properties are assumed to exist prior to and independently of the act of measurement. However, all such contextuality proofs assume a traditional notion of causal structure, where causal influence flows from past to future according to ordinary dynamical laws. This leaves open the question of whether the apparent contextuality of quantum mechanics is simply the signature of some exotic causal structure, where the future might affect the past or distant systems might get correlated due to non-local constraints. Here we show that quantum predictions require a deeper form of contextuality: even allowing for arbitrary causal structure, no model can explain quantum correlations from non-contextual ontological properties of the world, be they initial states, dynamical laws, or global constraints.

scholarly journals How to theorize about subjective language: a lesson from ‘de re’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranav Anand ◽  
Natasha Korotkova
Keyword(s):  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Personal Taste ◽  
Subjective Meaning ◽  
De Re ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Attitude Reports ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Oxford University Press

AbstractSubjective language has attracted substantial attention in the recent literature in formal semantics and philosophy of language (see overviews in MacFarlane in Assessment sensitivity: relative truth and its applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014; van Wijnbergen-Huitink, in Meier, and van Wijnbergen-Huitink (eds) Subjective meaning: alternatives to relativism, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 1–19, 2016; Lasersohn in Subjectivity and perspective in truth-theoretic semantics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017; Vardomskaya in Sources of subjectivity, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, IL, 2018; Zakkou in Faultless disagreement: a defense of contextualism in the realm of personal taste, Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt a. M., 2019b). Most current theories argue that Subjective Predicates (SPs), which express matters of opinion, semantically differ from ordinary predicates, which express matters of fact. We will call this view “SP exceptionalism”. This paper addresses SP exceptionalism by scrutinizing the behavior of SPs in attitude reports, which, as we will argue, significantly constrains the space of analytical options and rules out some of the existing theories. As first noticed by Stephenson (Linguist Philos 30(4):487–525, 2007a; Towards a theory of subjective meaning, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2007b), the most prominent reading of embedded SPs is one where they talk about the attitude holder’s subjective judgment. As is remarked sometimes (Sæbø in Linguist Philos 32(4):327–352, 2009; Pearson in J Semant 30(1):103–154, 2013a), this reading is not the only one: embedded SPs may also talk about someone else’s, non-local, judgment. We concentrate specifically on such cases and show that non-local judgment is possible if and only if SPs are used within a DP that is outside main predicate position and that entire DP is read de re. We demonstrate that the behavior of SPs in attitude reports does not differ from that of ordinary predicates: it follows from general constraints on intersective modification and intensional quantification (Farkas in Szabolcsi (ed) Ways of scope taking, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 183–215, 1997; Musan in On the temporal interpretation of noun phrases, Garland, New York, 1997; Percus in Nat Lang Semant 8(3):173–229, 2000; Keshet in Good intensions: paving two roads to a theory of the de re/de dicto distinction, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2008). We argue that this unexceptional behavior of SPs in fact has unexpected consequences for SP exceptionalism. Precisely because SPs have been argued to be semantically different from ordinary predicates, not all theories correctly predict these less-studied data: some overgenerate (e.g. Stephenson 2007a, b; Stojanovic in Linguist Philos 30(6):691–706, 2007; Sæbø 2009) and some undergenerate (e.g. McCready in McNally, and Puig-Waldmüller (ed) Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, vol 11, pp 433–447, 2007; Pearson 2013a). Out of the currently available theories, only relativist accounts (Lasersohn in Linguist Philos 28(6):643–686, 2005; MacFarlane 2014; Bylinina in J Semant 34(2), 291–331, 2017; Coppock in Linguist Philos 41(2):125–164, 2018) predict the right interpretation, and only that interpretation. We thus present a novel empirical argument for relativism, and, more generally, formulate a constraint that has to be taken into consideration by any view that advocates SP exceptionalism.

Reforming French Culture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diasporic Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
French Culture ◽  
Political Effect ◽  
Non Local

Satire has recently re-emerged as a potent political tool, but it has played many different roles in the past. French reformers waged massive satire campaigns in the sixteenth century to little or no political effect and, even, to their own disadvantage. Satiric forms nevertheless flourished because they fulfilled a devotional purpose. By portraying themselves as lonely travelers passing through the strange and exotic lands of Catholic custom, French reformers found a way to flesh out imaginatively the Pauline injunction to live in the world but not as part of it. The spiritual alienation cultivated in satiric literature allowed reformers to fashion themselves, after Calvin’s recommendation, as pilgrims in this world and confessional foreigners in their home country. At the same time, these satires’ self-presentation and their modes of address implied a reformed audience constituted by those who “got the joke.” The new communion entailed in laughing at Catholic excesses, modeled upon the reformed theological concept of “communication,” imagined a pan-European community held together by a non-local sense of belonging. Thus, French reformers embraced a diasporic identity well in advance of their actual emigration to the New World. But, more surprising still, the attitude of looking at one’s own culture through the eyes of an estranged traveler spread beyond reformed milieus to become a staple of French culture more generally. Through Montaigne, the ploy of acting the outsider in one’s homeland would become one of the signature devices of the Enlightenment’s challenge to the world of the Old Regime.

CONSTRUCTING AUTHOR AND AUTHORITY: GENERIC DISCOURSE IN CICERO’S DE LEGIBUS

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
ANNA DOLGANOV
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
De Re ◽  
The Past ◽  
De Legibus

Atticus: Lucus quidem ille et haec Arpinatium quercus agnoscitur, saepe a me lectus in Mario. Sin manet illa quercus, haec est profecto; etenim est sane uetus.Qvintus: Manet uero, Attice noster, et semper manebit. Sata est enim ingenio; nullius autem agricolae cultu stirps tam diuturna quam poetae uersu seminari potest.Atticus: Indeed I recognize that grove and this Arpinate oak, which I’ve often read about in the Marius. If that oak still stands, it must be this one; for old it certainly is.Quintus: Of course it stands, my dear Atticus, and it will always stand, for it has been planted in the imagination. Indeed no farmer’s cultivation can produce a plant as long-lasting as that which is sown by the verse of a poet. De legibus 1.1The image of the Marian oak begins De legibus with almost postmodern abruptness. This is in part due to the absence of an authorial preface, such as the long statement of purpose partially preserved in De re publica 1.1–14, which leaves De legibus without a chronological or situational frame of reference. The result is that the treatise begins in a particularly Platonic fashion, as the contemplation of an object in the natural landscape proceeds into a discussion of its symbolic meaning, setting up the dichotomy between perception and reality, ficta and vera, the past and its memory.

scholarly journals Nostalgia as an emerging property of the Projective Consciousness Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manik Bhattacharjee ◽  
David Rudrauf
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
World Model ◽  
Psychological Realism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Negative Feelings

The projective consciousness model (PCM) is a recently developed computational model of consciousness that allows an agent to project itself by imagination into an internal world model constantly updated through Bayesian inference from sensory evidence. The PCM acts to minimize free energy (FE) which is related to the divergence between predicted or preferred states and experienced states. The PCM uses its imagination to evaluate non-local situations. To increase psychological realism, we added a basic episodic memory to the PCM, which allows an agent to explicitly project itself in its past. As the PCM agent explores simulated worlds, it keeps a memory of its location and experienced FE across multiple layers of appraisal. When FE cannot be further minimized across possible local directions of action, the agent projects itself across space based on prior beliefs about either the present or the past, in an attempt to further lower its FE. Using simulations, we show that recalling pleasant memories allows a PCM agent to lower FE, in situations where it is stuck with no other solution for FE minimization based on direct action or projections of possible future actions. Nostalgia is often defined as taking pleasure in recalling positive, soothing past events as a result of negative feelings in the present. The behavior of the PCM, which emerges from combining projective mechanisms, FE minimization and an episodic memory, is consistent with this definition.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN LOKALITAS DAN KREATIVITAS: UPAYA MENUJU BANDUNG KOTA KREATIF

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Tri Rahayu ◽  
Roni Sugiarto
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
The Past ◽  
Creative City ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Title: Empowerment of Locality and Creativity: The Effect towards Bandung Creative City As modernity with all rigidity and practically increasingly creeping, the locality was still elegant with its charm. Localities seems to be a special allure which become healer of longing of the past. Everything related to tradition inspires architects and city planners. Creative design certainly has allure for residents, local and non local tourists. Bandung is the city wellknown as Paris Van Java, which has consequence to the arrangement of the infrastucture and face of the city with strong identity of exquisite Sundanese culture. These opportunities would require creativity which offer uniqueness and special identity of Bandung. The study of city arrangement, planning stategy towards creative city, and sustainable strategy would be essential to realize the Bandung Creative City. The study was conducted by observing Bandung infrastucture at some central points in the heritage building until face of the city, and how the goverment‘s strategy to overcome this problem, related to creativity. The result shows that efforts to Bandung Creative City is done through empowerment of ?creative economy‘ in fashion, culinary, and design decorate city faces up to hilly region. Creative city allows the achivement of community prosperity and economically independence. Furthermore, through ?Bandung Creative City‘ program, the impact is not only to the creative city but also to a ‘smart city‘ which is done the following strategies: innovation, decentralization, and collaboration.

scholarly journals Contextual Influences on Reference

2019 ◽  
pp. 259-280
Author(s):  
Craige Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Definite Description ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Rigid Designator ◽  
Domain Restriction ◽  
De Re ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Past ◽  
De Se ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Careful Investigation

This chapter considers a number of ways in which the understood reference of a definite noun phrase—definite description, pronoun, demonstrative, indexical, or proper name—may depend on the context in which it is uttered. Contextual influences are reflected in phenomena such as anaphora and familiarity presuppositions, descriptive incompleteness, domain restriction, dependence on a shifted perspective in intensional contexts resulting in de re, de dicto, and de se interpretations, and inclusion of context-sensitive predicates. Careful investigation of particular types of context dependence has played an important role in the evolution of semantic theories of these NP types over the past fifty years. But outstanding puzzles about how context influences reference pose challenges to the most influential current semantic theories of some NP types, including direct reference theories of indexicals and demonstratives, and rigid designator accounts of proper names.

scholarly journals Exploring the limits of no backwards in time signalling

Quantum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Guryanova ◽  
Ralph Silva ◽  
Anthony J. Short ◽  
Paul Skrzypczyk ◽  
Nicolas Brunner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Model Independent

We present an operational and model-independent framework to investigate the concept of no-backwards-in-time signalling. We define no-backwards-in-time signalling conditions, closely related to the spatial no-signalling conditions. These allow for theoretical possibilities in which the future affects the past, nevertheless without signalling backwards in time. This is analogous to non-local but no-signalling spatial correlations. Furthermore, our results shed new light on situations with indefinite causal structure and their connection to quantum theory.

scholarly journals Maintaining peace across ethnic lines: New lessons from the past

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumitra Jha
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Over Time

This policy overview draws upon two studies, one theoretical and one empirical, to explore lessons from medieval Indian Ocean trade for supporting ethnic tolerance in contemporary settings. The overview begins by sketching a model of inter-ethnic trade and violence in environments where there are 'local' and 'non-local' ethnic groups. The model suggests that three conditions are necessary to support peaceful coexistence between these groups over time: Complementarities between groups, a high cost to replicate or expropriate the source of another group's complementarity, and a mechanism to share the gains from inter-group exchange. The article then describes how these conditions were satisfied among Hindu and Muslim traders in medieval Indian ports from the rise of Islam to European ascendance in the 17th century. The article characterizes the institutions that emerged to bolster religious tolerance in these towns during the medieval period and that continued to support religious tolerance two centuries after the decline of Muslim dominance in overseas trade. Finally, the article draws lessons from the theory and India's institutional legacy to understand why ethnic tolerance fails and how tolerance may be fostered in contemporary settings.

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