scholarly journals El derecho urbanístico español. Introducción a una visión crítica desde la perspectiva de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-109
Author(s):  
Joaquín Azpitarte
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
City Development ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Words Spontaneous

This paper provides an introductory analysis of the principles that inform urban planning in Spain, and shows how far removed it is from the principles of entrepreneurship, which promote freedom and the development of the potentialities of the individual. The massive body of legislation regulating city development in Spain has proven fatal to the economic prosperity of its citizens. Today, cities in Spain are the product of the most comprehensive planning imaginable (an «abuse of reason», to quote F.A. Hayek). From town planning to zoning and building volumes, every aspect is laid out in the Planes Generales de Ordenación (Comprehensive Urban Development Plans) drafted jointly by politicians and developers. Key words: Spontaneous order, planification, limitation of resources, urban legislation, dynamic efficiency, economic calculus, property. JEL Classification: B53, D43, D61, D73, H54, H76, H82, H83, K11, L38, O21, O38, P14, P25, P26, P35, R14, R21, R31, R38. Resumen: El presente artículo pretende mostrar de una forma introductoria como el derecho urbanístico español se fundamenta en principios muy alejados de la función empresarial, que permite que el ciudadano desarrolle sus facultades vitales plenamente y en libertad. Estructurado en un extenso cuerpo legal, el articulado que regula el crecimiento de la ciudad, afecta de forma inexorable a su desarrollo económico y al de sus habitantes. La ciudad moderna española es una ciudad íntegramente planificada. Se trata de un caso evidente del «abuso de la razón» que denunciaba Hayek. Todos los viales, zonas edificatorias, volúmenes y usos permitidos están ya contemplados y planificados por la administración pública a través de los llamados Planes Generales de Ordenación y sus redactores. Palabras clave: Orden espontáneo, planificación, limitación de los recursos, legislación urbanística, eficiencia dinámica, cálculo económico, propiedad. Clasificación JEL: B53, D43, D61, D73, H54, H76, H82, H83, K11, L38, O21, O38, P14, P25, P26, P35, R14, R21, R31, R38.

El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
De Re ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Problem

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).

scholarly journals Fundamento Ontológico del Modelo en Hayek

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Agustina Borella
Keyword(s):  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Perfect Knowledge ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Ontological Foundation ◽  
Surrogate Systems

In the debate on realism of models in economics, the Austrian School and Hayek in particular, seem to have, in a certain way, remained outside. Assuming neoclassical models as unrealistic, the theory of the market as a pro- cess looks like a more realistic proposal. However, one of the fundamental issues in Hayek’s dissent is not so much the unrealism of the assumptions, but that the market equilibrium theory was not correctly raised, especially with regards to the perfect knowledge assumption. Despite this, in this setting and in line with a previous paper (Zanotti & Borella, 2015), we will argue that Hayek’s spontaneous order may be understood as the Austrian School’s «model», assuming Mäki’s MISS version of models (Models as Isolations and Surrogate Systems) and emphasizing the place of the ontological foundation of Hayek’s proposal when assessing his model. Keywords: Realism of models, Hayek, spontaneous order, MISS version, onto- logical foundation. JEL classification: B31, B40, B53. Resumen: En el debate sobre el realismo de los modelos en economía, la Escuela Austríaca y en particular Hayek, parece haber quedado en algún sen- tido afuera. Asumiendo a los modelos neoclásicos como irrealistas, la teoría del mercado como proceso parece presentarse como una propuesta más rea- lista. Sin embargo, uno de los puntos fundamentales en el disenso de Hayek no es tanto el irrealismo de los supuestos, sino que la teoría del equilibrio de mer- cado estaba mal planteada, especialmente en relación al supuesto de conoci- miento perfecto. A pesar de esto, en este encuadre y en línea con un trabajo anterior (Zanotti & Borella, 2015), mostraremos que el orden espontáneo de Hayek  puede  ser  entendido  como  «el  modelo»  de  la  Escuela  Austríaca, tomando la consideración MISS de los modelos de Mäki (Models as Isolations and Surrogate Systems) y destacando el lugar del fundamento ontológico de la propuesta de Hayek a la hora de evaluar su modelo. Palabras clave: Realismo de los modelos, Hayek, orden espontáneo, conside- ración MISS, fundamento ontológico. Clasificación JEL: B31, B40, B53.

Freedom, creativity and the future of cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Melián ◽  
Gabriel Calzada Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
The Future

What will the cities of the future be like? This is a question that does not have an unequivocal response. The cities of the future will be developed by people who have not been born yet or who are not devoted to shaping urban planning policy and markets. Furthermore, these cities have not yet been created and will be created thanks to a knowledge that does not yet exist today. All we can do is try to draw along the general (alternative) guidelines according to which those future cities might be constructed and the consequences of every alternative. This work tries to analyze the main problems caused by today’s urban planning models and its results. Later we will try to explain the different general policy frameworks used to develop urban areas. Finally, we will offer a figure of the type of urban development and the economic consequences of every alternative. In this final step the author will analyze the scope that is granted to human creativity and social cooperation in each case. Key words: City, knowledge, creativity, entrepreneurship, prices, economic calculation, speculation, corruption, cartesian order, spontaneous order, developed or contractual law, customary law and urban planning. JEL Classification: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32. Resumen: ¿Cómo serán las ciudades del futuro? Esta es una pregunta que no tiene una respuesta inequívoca. Las ciudades del futuro serán desarrollados por personas que no han nacido aún o que no se dedican a la elaboración de las políticas de planificación urbana. Además, estas ciudades todavía no se han creado y se crearán gracias a un conocimiento que no existe aún hoy en día. Todo lo que podemos hacer es tratar de esbozar diferentes alternativas para la creación de las ciudades del futuro y las consecuencias de cada alternativa. Este trabajo pretende analizar los principales problemas causados por los modelos actuales de planificación urbana y sus resultados. Además vamos a tratar de explicar los diferentes marcos de política general utilizados para las espacios urbanos. Por último, se ofrecerán dos posibilidades de planeamiento urbano y las consecuencias económicas de cada alternativa. En esta parte final el autor analiza el alcance que se otorga a la creatividad humana y la cooperación social en cada caso. Palabras clave: Ciudad, Conocimiento,  creatividad, Función Empresarial, Precios, Cálculo Económico, Especulación, Corrupción, Orden Cartesiano, Orden Espontáneo, Leyes Contractuales o desarrolladas, Ley Consuetudinaria y Planeamiento Urbano. Clasificación JEL: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32.

scholarly journals The Non-Aggression Principle: a Short History

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-88
Author(s):  
Edward W. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Short History ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Private Domain ◽  
Modern Form

This paper traces the historical origins of the non-aggression princi- ple. The central thesis of this paper is that a large and diverse group of history’s most eminent thinkers have expressed ideas very similar to the non-aggression principle. The rudiments of the principle were known to the ancient Egyptians around 2000 BC, the ancient Hindus around 1500 BC, and the ancient Hebrews around 1000 BC. Around 500 BC, the ancient Chinese and Greek philosophers expressed the underlying logic of the principle. Cicero came close to articulating the principle in its modern form. Thomas Aquinas reasserted something strikingly similar to non-aggression after the Dark Ages, and the scholastic philosophers carried the idea into the early modern period. During the seventeenth century, the non-aggression principle rose to the pinnacle of Western philosophy. JEL Classification: B11, B12, K00, P14 Keywords: Non-aggression principle, ethics, libertarianism Resumen: Este artículo traza los orígenes históricos del principio de no agresión. La tesis central es que un amplio y diverso grupo compuesto por algunos de los pensadores más importantes de la historia ha expresado ideas muy similares al principio de no agresión. Los rudimentos de dicho principio eran conocidos por los antiguos egipcios hacia el 2000 a. C., por los hindúes hacia el 1500 a. C., y por los antiguos hebreos hacia el 1000 a. C. Hacia el 500 a. C., los antiguos chinos y los filósofos griegos expresaron la lógica subyacente del principio. Cicerón se acercó a la articulación del principio en su forma mod- erna. Tomás de Aquino reafirmó algo sorprendentemente similar a la no agresión después de la Edad Oscura, y los teólogos católicos llevaron la idea hasta el periodo moderno. Durante el siglo XVII, el principio de no agresión se elevó al pináculo de la filosofía occidental. Clasificación JEL: B11, B12, K00, P14 Palabras clave: Principio de no agresión, ética, libertarianismo “No one may threaten or commit violence (“aggress”) against another man’s person or property. Violence may be employed only against the man who commits such violence; that is, only defen- sively against the aggressive violence of another. In short, no vio- lence may be employed against a nonaggressor.” — Murray N. Rothbard 1974, 116 “The use of coercion can be justified only where this is neces- sary to secure the private domain of the individual against inter- ference by others … coercion should not be used to interfere in that private sphere where this is not necessary to protect others.” — Friedrich Hayek 1976, 221

RESPONSIBILITY OF URBAN LOCAL BODY IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS-A CASE STUDY OF BARIPADA MUNICIPALITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Anisha Sahoo ◽  
Aditya Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
City Development ◽  
Urban Mission ◽  
Fund Flow ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Local Body

Population is ever increasing and urbanisation reflects the growing population. Growing urbanisation has negative impact on urban environment. Thus the towns and cities must be planned and managed well to make it a powerful tool for sustainable development. In India, urban local bodies (ULBs), which are in the process of preparing the statutory master plan or urban mission-linked city development plans, have the opportunity to synchronize their plans with SDGs. Furthermore, each of the 18 functions of the ULBs as mandated under the 74th Amendment Act, directly contributes to the fulfilment of India’s commitment to the SDGs. An attempt is made here to highlight tangible action needs to be adopted by Baripada Municipality to ensure availability and sustainable management of water as mentioned in Goal 6 of SDGs, Target 1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. We have examined here the fund requirement vis-a-vis the fund flow to ULB. JEL Classification: H54, H75, R51 KEY WORDS: Decentralisation, Water Supply, Urbanisation

scholarly journals La educación desde la perspectiva de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-210
Author(s):  
Fernando Nogales Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Private Education ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Education Market ◽  
The Individual

The current Central Planning of the Education is not only a consequence of intense political activism of the European social democracies (specifically in Spain), moreover is consequence of the absence of a clear ideological opposition by the socio-political liberalism. Therefore, the Austrian School of Economics has nowadays an obligation, rediscover and redefine the theoretical basis of freedom of education to deconstruct the current social democratic model of Central Planning of Education. There are two essential reasons: the first one, because it means a improvement for the full freedom of the private education market, more agile, less costly and more effective to coordinate the individual preferences to learning with the needs of the markets. The second one, because ethics demands defending an educational system based on liberal principles, without the meddling of a statist education. Key words: Education and Liberalism, Education and Socialism, evolutionary and anarcho-capitalism basis of the Austrian School for a free education. JEL Classification: I20, I21, I28. Resumen: La actual Planificación Central de la Educación no es solamente consecuencia del intenso activismo político de las sociales democracias europeas (muy en concreto de la española), también es consecuencia de la ausencia de una oposición ideológica clara por parte del liberalismo sociopolítico en general. Por tanto, reencontrar y en su caso redefinir las bases teóricas de la libertad de enseñanza, como es el caso de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, para de-construir el actual modelo socialdemócrata de Planificación Central de la Educación, es hoy una exigencia. Dos son las razones fundamentales: la primera, por lo que significa de mejora para la plena libertad de los mercados privados de enseñanza, más ágiles, menos costosos y más eficaces para coordinar mejor las preferencias individuales de aprendizaje con las necesidades de los mercados. La segunda, por la eticidad que significa defender un sistema educativo basado en los principios liberales, de ausencia de coacción educativa estatista. Palabras clave: Educación y Liberalismo, educación y Socialismo, bases evolucionistas y anarcocapitalistas de la Escuela Austriaca para una educación en libertad. Clasificación JEL: I20, I21, I28.

scholarly journals Austroliberalismo en Ibn Jaldún

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-81
Author(s):  
Carlos Villaescusa García
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Von Mises

Ibn Khaldun’s contributions to the development of economic thought in his great work al-Muqaddima have received almost no attention in Western academia. This paper studies the similarities between the thought of Ibn Khaldun and that of the leading authors of the liberal Austrian School, including Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek, and The School of Salamanca. Special attention is given to Professor Jesús Huerta de Soto’s work on the theory of the impossibility of socialism. This paper also examines how statist coercion and interventionism in areas such as trade, taxation and individual rights promote injustice and will lead to the eventual demise of civilization. The work of Ibn Khaldun captured the essence of a spontaneous order and of the evolution of institutions, and refuted the theory of the divine origin of kings well before the Age of Enlightenment. Lastly, this paper touches on important economic issues of interest to Austrian liberals such as the division of labor and specialization, cooperation, the role of markets, the price system, savings as a rationale for prosperity, the relation of wealth to population, the Laffer curve, the quantity theory of money, the subjective nature of value, and the correct interpretation of history. Key words: Liberalism, interventionism, coercion, Salamanca School, Austrian School. JEL Classification: B53. Resumen: Las contribuciones de Ibn Jaldún al desarrollo del pensamiento económico incluidas en su gran obra al-Muqaddima han pasado casi desaper - cibidos en el ámbito académico occidental. En este trabajo se examinan las similitudes entre el pensamiento de Ibn Jaldún y el de los principales autores del austro-liberalismo, como Ludwig von Mises y Friedrich August von Hayek, y con el de la Escuela de Salamanca. Prestando especial atención a Jesús Huerta de Soto y su teoría de la imposibilidad del socialismo desde el punto de vista de la coacción: los efectos negativos de la interferencia del Estado en el co-mercio, los impuestos y contra los derechos individuales que derivan en la in-justicia que causa la ruina de la civilización. Mostramos cómo Ibn Jaldún capta la esencia de un orden espontáneo y evolutivo de las instituciones, refuta la teoría del origen divino de los reyes anticipándose a la ilustración ya desde la Edad Media. Y en definitiva, aspectos económicos importantes comunes con las corrientes austro-liberales como son: la división del trabajo o especialización, la cooperación, el papel de los mercados, el sistema de precios, el ahorro como condición para la prosperidad, la riqueza de las naciones por razones de mayor o menor población, el concepto de la curva de Laffer, una intuición de la teoría cuantitativa del dinero, compresión de la naturaleza subjetiva del valor, o la interpretación correcta de la historia. Palabras clave: Liberalismo, intervencionismo, coacción, Escuela Salamanca, Escuela Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B53.

scholarly journals Mercados medievales y orden social: una aproximación austriaca al caso inglés

2018 ◽  
pp. 189-228
Author(s):  
Roque Sampedro
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
History Taking ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Socioeconomic History ◽  
Market Networks

In this article we will attempt to analyze, from an austrian perspective, the main traits of late medieval English socioeconomic history, taking in account the so-called «commercialization model», which is an interpretative trend that highlights the importance of trade and markets in medieval economy. Thus, in the first place, we will explain the fundamental features of this model and, afterwards, some theoretical elements of the austrian perspective (institutions, spontaneous order, social space) will be presented. Starting from this, in the second place, the origins and development of medieval markets, understood as social spaces, will be explained. Afterwards, we will analyze the process of price-formation in these markets and, finally, we will study the emergence of a catallactic order and its main traits (economic calculation and market networks). Keywords: medieval markets, commercialisation model, social space, Austrian theory of institutions, catallactic medieval order. JEL Classification: N01, N93, P16, Z13 Resumen: En este artículo nos proponemos analizar, a partir de una perspec-tiva austríaca, los rasgos principales de la historia socioeconómica inglesa de la Edad Media, teniendo en cuenta especialmente el llamado «commercialisa-tion model», una línea interpretativa que insiste en la importancia del comercio y los mercados en la economía medieval. Así, en primer lugar se explicarán las características fundamentales de este modelo, y a continuación, se presenta-rán algunos elementos teóricos (instituciones, orden espontáneo, espacio social) de la perspectiva austríaca. A partir de estas cuestiones, en segundo lugar, se pasará a explicar los orígenes y desarrollo de los mercados medieva-les, entendiéndolos como espacios sociales. A continuación, se analizarán los procesos de formación de precios en estos mercados y, finalmente, se estu-diará la emergencia de un orden cataláctico y sus rasgos principales (cálculo económico y redes de mercados). Palabras clave: mercados medievales, commercialisation model, espacio social, teoría austríaca de las instituciones, orden cataláctico medieval. Clasificación JEL: N01, N93, P16, Z13

A Review on Employee’s Voluntary Turnover: A Psychological Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Yan Zhen ◽  
Zuraina Dato Mansor
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Voluntary Turnover ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Individual

Objective – High voluntary turnover rate has become the focus of most employers and scholars in related fields. Although employers have attempted to use a variety of retention strategies to retain qualified and skilled employees, the turnover rate remains high in the vast majority of industries around the world. Methodology/Technique – Past studies are concerned mostly with employees’ external demands such as salaries, fringe benefits, work conditions and less focus has been given on the importance of employees’ internal needs based on psychological capital. Therefore, there is a need to perform a study on the turnover from this perspective as it is crucial not only to retain the individual but also to ensure their contentment and satisfaction are fulfilled by their organizations. Findings – This paper undertakes a review of existing literature which specifically addresses the perspectives of individual psychology, and simultaneously explains the relationship between the two psychological factors (namely psychological capital and person-environment fit) and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of job satisfaction. Novelty – The arguments are presented to emphasize the needs to carry out this study. Type of Paper: Review. Keywords: Psychological Capital; Person-organization Fit; Job Satisfaction; Turnover Intention. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Zhen, Y; Mansor, Z.D. 2020. A Review on Employee’s Voluntary Turnover: A Psychological Perspective, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review 5(2) 107 – 112 https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2020.5.2(3) JEL Classification: M54, Z32.

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Daily Behaviour

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Herz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Transport Mobility

The question of the extent to which the concrete physical environment allows, causes, or even forces certain forms of behaviour to occur has been excluded from social sciences literature for a long time. More recent studies from environmental psychology show that the built environment, filtered by subjective perceptions, very probably influences the experience and actions of individuals. Town planning and transport planning is orientated towards the needs, demands, or simply the observed behaviour of social groups, segments of the population, and target groups of individuals. However, at this level the evidence about whether a spatiospecific determinant should be added to the sociodemographic, sociocultural, or socioeconomic determinants is very inconclusive. This paper investigates the influence of certain types of area on behaviour, and uses about 70000 weekday records at the level of differentiated groups of people. Everyday behaviour of the groups is quantified by their time budgets and daily programmes with broad groupings of out-of-house activities as well as various indicators of transport mobility. This study shows that with given characteristics of the individual and his household a series of behavioural parameters does not vary in space and thus these parameters can be used as input for behaviourally orientated transport demand models and transferred from one planning area to another.

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