scholarly journals Simulation of Motorization Cooling System of Low-cost Tractor based on AMEsim

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Zahidi ◽  
Mohamed El Moufid ◽  
Siham Benhadou ◽  
Hicham Medromi
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost

scholarly journals Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Caiyang Wei ◽  
Theo Hofman ◽  
Esin Ilhan Caarls
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Design Freedom

For an electric vehicle (EV) with a continuously variable transmission (CVT), a novel convex programming (CP)-based co-design method is proposed to minimize the total-cost-of-ownership (TCO). The integration of the electric machine (EM) and the CVT is the primary focus. The optimized system with co-design reduces the TCO by around 5.9% compared to a non-optimized CVT-based EV (based on off-the-shelf components) and by around 2% compared to the EV equipped with a single-speed transmission (SST). By taking advantage of the control and design freedom provided by the CVT, the optimal CVT, EM and battery sizes are found to reduce the system cost. It simultaneously finds the optimal CVT speed ratio and air-flow rate of the cooling system reducing the energy consumption. The strength of co-design is highlighted by comparing to a sequential design, and insights into the design of a low-power EV that is energy-efficient and cost-effective for urban driving are provided. A highly integrated EM-CVT system, which is efficient, low-cost and lightweight, can be expected for future EV applications.

scholarly journals Low cost driver device for microclimate maintenance in the pre-milking of dairy cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irenilson M. da Silva ◽  
Héliton Pandorfi ◽  
Ângelo J. S. de Vasconcelos ◽  
Renato Laurenti ◽  
Cristiane Guiselini
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Laboratory Calibration ◽  
Evaporative Cooling System ◽  
And Control

Due to the importance of the environment on animal production and thus environmental control, the study aims to build a system for monitoring and control the meteorological variables, temperature and relative humidity, low cost, which can be associated with an evaporative cooling system (ECS). The system development included all the stages of assembly, test and laboratory calibration, and later the validation of the equipment carried in the field. The validation step showed results which allowed concluding that the system can be safely used in the monitoring of these variables. The controller was efficient in management of the microclimate in the waiting corral and allowed the maintenance of the air temperature within the comfort range for dairy cattle in pre-milking with averaged 25.09 ºC during the afternoon. The equipment showed the lower cost (R$ 325.76) when compared to other middle market (R$ 450.00).

Computer Intelligence in Healthcare

2013 ◽  
pp. 716-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramit Ghosh ◽  
Debotosh Bhattacharjee ◽  
Mita Nasipuri ◽  
Dipak Kumar Basu
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Full Speed

Low cost solutions for the development of intelligent bio-medical devices that not only assist people to live in a better way but also assist physicians for better diagnosis are presented in this chapter. Two such devices are discussed here, which are helpful for prevention and diagnosis of diseases. Statistical analysis reveals that cold and fever are the main culprits for the loss of man-hours throughout the world, and early pathological investigation can reduce the vulnerability of disease and the sick period. To reduce this cold and fever problem a household cooling system controller, which is adaptive and intelligent in nature, is designed. It is able to control the speed of a household cooling fan or an air conditioner based on the real time data, namely room temperature, humidity, and time for which system is active, which are collected from environment. To control the speed in an adaptive and intelligent manner, an associative memory neural network (Kramer) has been used. This embedded system is able to learn from training set; i.e., the user can teach the system about his/her feelings through training data sets. When the system starts up, it allows the fan to run freely at full speed, and after certain interval, it takes the environmental parameters like room temperature, humidity, and time as inputs. After that, the system takes the decision and controls the speed of the fan.

The design of equipment for producing accurate control of artificial aerial environments at low cost

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Point Control ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Field Experimentation

An account is given of the considerations which have been found in practice to govern the design of a small cabinet for growing plants under closely controlled conditions of atmospheric environment. Starting with questions of size, shape and material, the connexion between size of chamber and type of illumination is considered, followed by general policy on air supply. The main outlines of design having been laid down in this way, the various environmental factors to be controlled are reviewed. These include: (a) composition of the air, with particular reference to carbon dioxide; (b) light intensity. Various possible sources are reviewed, and the difficulties of imitating natural conditions of illumination are discussed, together with methods of measuring the illumination and checking for stability; (c) temperature. The degree of control needed for various purposes is considered, particularly in connexion with control of humidity, followed by systems of control, and the most advantageous arrangements for them. The cycle of operations of a control system is considered in some detail, and division of the system into a small relay-operated heater and a background heating or cooling system is advocated; (d) humidity. A similar division between background and relay-operated humidifiers is also advisable, and methods of achieving this are outlined. Dew-point control is shown to be most suitable for the background humidity, while a hot wick of low thermal capacity suffices for the relay-operated device. Finally, the principal uses of such cabinets are dealt with: (a) as adjuncts to field experimentation; (b) for work on plant pathology; (c) for producing standard plant material at any time of year; and rough estimates of running costs are given.

scholarly journals Postharvest quality and bioactive properties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) stored in a low-cost and energy-free evaporative cooling system

Heliyon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e02266
Author(s):  
Ntombizandile Nkolisa ◽  
Lembe S. Magwaza ◽  
Tilahun S. Workneh ◽  
Annie Chimphango ◽  
Nkanyiso J. Sithole
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Evaporative Cooling System

Combined Aerated Ponds and Chemical Clarification in the Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Galil ◽  
M. Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Petrochemical Wastewater ◽  
Hydraulic Residence Time ◽  
Primary Stage ◽  
Process Combination

Biotreatment of wastewater from an integrated oil refinery by activated sludge and by RBC was studied and reported by the authors in previous publications. The objective of this study is to develop a low cost process combination by utilizing facilities, which exist in most industries, as treatment means as well as recipient for the renovated effluent. The idea is to share the task of the bioprocess between: a) a partial primary stage biotreatment by two aeration ponds (AP); b) chemical clarification of the primary stage effluent for removal of MLSS and colloids synthesized in the first process, by utilizing the existing lime clarification-softening system; c) completion of the bioprocess by a recircuiated cooling system (RCS) which has a high bio-oxidation capacity and also reuses the clarified effluent as make-up. The paper analyzes experimental data obtained from a pilot plant including two aerated tanks in series with a total hydraulic residence time of 2 days, followed by a lime clarifier. The main characteristic of the AP process is that hydraulic and sludge residence times are identical; two days are considered as very short SRT, especially in petrochemical wastewater, while in activated sludge SRT is usually above 15 days. The AP removed 60% of the COD - 15% by stripping - and 80% of the BOD; the oil removal was up to 50%. The chemical lime clarification improved the AP effluent reduction; suspended solids from 160 to 8 mg/l; oil from 34 to 9 mg/l; total COD from 290 to 170 mg/l. The study includes data on volumes and characteristics of the chemical sludge produced. The organic matter residual from previous treatment stages, most of it in soluble form, will be biodegraded in the RCS. The characteristics of RCS working as biological reactor were studied by Rebhun et al. and reported elsewhere. This study emphasizes economy in capital investment and beneficial reuse of industrial wastewater. The combined system includes two biological barries, AP and RCS, combined with the chemical clarification barrier, providing a reliable and low cost process combination.

scholarly journals A novel opto-mechanical system constituted by LEDs to employment in photobiostimulation: Clinical application in optical therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso J. Barbosa ◽  
Crisaldo Teles ◽  
Leonardo M. Moreira ◽  
Álvaro J. Damião ◽  
Carlos J. de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Mechanical System ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Laser Systems

Optical techniques of photobiostimulation, which use transducer as lasers and LEDs, have been employed in the treatment of several diseases. The laser systems usually irradiate in a reduced area of the target biological tissue, presenting high cost of acquisition. Devices with a LED of “Surface Mount Device” (SMD) type have high angle of light emission, implying in intense decrease of the density of optical potency. Furthermore, the use of this device requires the utilization of a cooling system, which provokes an increase in the cost of this product. In the present work, it is suggested the application of a novel opto-mechanical device constituted by usual LEDs with package dimension of 5 mm of diameter, which presents significant efficient and very low cost. The arrangement of the geometric configuration of these LEDs is elaborated in such way that all units emit photons in a unique section of an specific area. An opto-mechanical system was developed, which includes seven LEDs, being that six of these LEDs are disposed in a specific angle around a unique central LED. It is important to notice that all the opto-mechanical system with seven LEDs emit light in a unique area. Besides, a methodology was employed to allow the verification of the distribution of light intensity upon this respective area. This arrangement allows that this novel device propitiate measurements of the degree of homogeneity of the light intensity in specific areas, which are accessed by the seven light emitting units. The potency employing LEDs in the red (visible) and near infrared regions were also measured, being that the result demonstrated the capability of clinical application in optical therapy of photobiostimulation, which was also used in a pilot test of clinical application.

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation of a Novel Low-Cost Photovoltaic Panel Active Cooling System

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Benato ◽  
Anna Stoppato
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Pv Cooling

Renewable energy sources are the most useful way to generate clean energy and guide the transition toward green power generation and a low-carbon economy. Among renewables, the best alternative to electricity generation from fossil fuels is solar energy because it is the most abundant and does not release pollutants during conversion processes. Despite the photovoltaic (PV) module ability to produce electricity in an eco-friendly way, PV cells are extremely sensitive to temperature increments. This can result in efficiency drop of 0.25%/ ∘ C to 0.5%/ ∘ C. To overcome this issue, manufacturers and researchers are devoted to the improvement of PV cell efficiency by decreasing operating temperature. For this purpose, the authors have developed a low-cost and high-performance PV cooling system that can drastically reduce module operating temperature. In the present work, the authors present a set of experimental measurements devoted to selecting the PV cooling arrangement that guarantees the best compromise of water-film uniformity, module temperature reduction, water-consumption minimization, and module power production maximization. Results show that a cooling system equipped with 3 nozzles characterized by a spraying angle of 90 ∘ , working with an inlet pressure of 1.5 bar, and which remains active for 30 s and is switched off for 120 s, can reduce module temperature by 28 ∘ C and improve the module efficiency by about 14%. In addition, cost per single module of the cooling system is only 15 €.

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