scholarly journals he Relationship between External and Internal Load during Elite Pre-season Friendly Basketball Games.

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (67) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Ruben Portes ◽  
Rafael Manuel Navarro ◽  
Carlos Ribas ◽  
Enrique Alonso ◽  
Sergio L. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
General Information ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Perfect Correlation ◽  
Large Correlation ◽  
Movement Intensity ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between External Load (EL) and internal load (IL). Thirteen male basketball players competing at professional level in First Spanish Division (ACB) during six friendly games throughout the 2020/2021 preseason were monitored. The EL variables collected were movement load (ML), movement intensity (MI), box score time (BST), and total duration (TD)] while IL variables monitored were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), training impulse (TRIMP) and time invested in five HR zones. Very large to almost perfect correlation (r= 0.77-0.91) exists between EL variables except TD. In addition, HR, TRIMP and RR present large to very large correlation (r= 0.55-0.79) with all EL variables except TD. Monitoring HR-based variables would present general information and an estimated prediction of players EL which could allow basketball practitioners to prioritize time invested players internal/external load.

scholarly journals Associations between Well-Being State and Match External and Internal Load in Amateur Referees

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3322
Author(s):  
Eñaut Ozaeta ◽  
Javier Yanci ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Estibaliz Romaratezabala ◽  
Daniel Castillo
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
External Loads

The main aim of this paper was to examine the association between prematch well-being status with match internal and external load in field (FR) and assistant (AR) soccer referees. Twenty-three FR and 46 AR participated in this study. The well-being state was assessed using the Hooper Scale and the match external and internal loads were monitored with Stryd Power Meter and heart monitors. While no significant differences were found in Hooper indices between match officials, FR registered higher external loads (p < 0.01; ES: 0.75 to 5.78), spent more time in zone 4 and zone 5, and recorded a greater training impulse (TRIMP) value (p < 0.01; ES: 1.35 to 1.62) than AR. Generally, no associations were found between the well-being variables and external loads for FR and AR. Additionally, no associations were found between the Hooper indices and internal loads for FR and AR. However, several relationships with different magnitudes were found between internal and external match loads, for FR, between power and speed with time spent in zone 2 (p < 0.05; r = −0.43), ground contact time with zone 2 and zone 3 (p < 0.05; r = 0.50 to 0.60) and power, speed, cadence and ground contact time correlated with time spent in zone 5 and TRIMP (p < 0.05 to 0.01; r = 0.42 to 0.64). Additionally, for AR, a relationship between speed and time in zone 1 was found (p < 0.05; r = −0.30; CL = 0.22). These results suggest that initial well-being state is not related to match officials’ performances during match play. In addition, the Stryd Power Meter can be a useful device to calculate the external load on soccer match officials.

scholarly journals The Relationships between Internal and External Load Measures for Division I College Football Practice

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Eric J. Sobolewski
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
American Football ◽  
Division I ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
Training Impulse

The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between internal and external load measures in American football. Thirty football players wore a portable integrated monitor unit for 10 weeks during the fall football season. Relationships between internal and external load measurements were determined. Internal load consisted of heart rate zones and heart rate-derived measures and session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE). External load consisted of distance in different speed zones, total distance traveled, and accelerations. There were many significant positive relationships, but the meaningful relationships (r > 0.5) were between heart rate-derived measures of load (Training Impulse and heart rate reserve) and low-intensity movement and total distance. Only accelerations between 1 and 1.99 m·s−2 were moderately correlated to heart rate-derived internal load. RPE values alone did not correlate strong enough with any of the measure but sRPE training load (sRPE-TL) correlated to most external values. Overall, moderate correlations were present between heart rate-derived internal load to total distance and lower intensity movement. sRPE-TL values had high correlations but were highly dependent on duration, not perceived exertion. When addressing load in American football, duration of the session is a key component in determining internal load as HR data and sRPE alone do not correlate highly with external loads.

scholarly journals Influencia del resultado en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición oficial en baloncesto formación

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos David Gómez-Carmona ◽  
Alejandro Bastida-Castillo ◽  
Javier García-Rubio ◽  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Sergio José Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Indoor Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Final Round

El estudio de las relaciones entre el marcador final y la eficacia técnico-táctica de jugadores y equipos está muy extendido, pero no existen aún suficientes evidencias sobre si este fenómeno influye directamente en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la influencia del marcador parcial en cada uno de los períodos de juego en las demandas de carga externa que presentan los jugadores de baloncesto formación. 96 jugadores de baloncesto sub-18 de nivel élite masculino pertenecientes a 8 equipos fueron registrados durante 13 partidos de la fase final del Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 mediante dispositivos inerciales WIMU PROTM (RealTrack Systems, Almería, España) obteniendo el análisis tiempo-movimiento en estadios cubiertos a través de tecnología de ultra-banda ancha (UWB). La prueba estadística T-Student de muestras independientes junto con el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen fueron utilizados para el análisis diferencial en relación al marcador parcial: (a) igualado (<10 puntos) y (b) desigualado (>10 puntos). Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables de carga externa analizadas, siendo las exigencias cinemáticas mayores en los Partidos Desigualados (p>0.01; t=2.59-3.31; d=0.48-0.62), encontrando las mayores diferencias en la variable Impactos en todos sus rangos (3-5G, 5-8G, >8G). En conclusión, el marcador es un elemento determinante en la carga externa que soportan los jugadores durante los partidos oficiales. Por tanto, es necesario reproducir estas situaciones durante los entrenamientos para someter a los jugadores a estímulos semejantes a los que se producen en la competición. The study about the relationship between the match status and the technical-tactical effectiveness of players and teams have been realised, but it has not enough evidence whether this phenomenon directly influences the external load demands during the competition. The objective of the present investigation is to analyse the final result of each quarters in the external load demands performed by youth basketball players. 96 elite-level male u-18 basketball players, belonging to 8 teams, were registered during 13 matches of the final round of the Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 using WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain), obtaining the time-motion analysis in indoor conditions through ultra-wide band technology (UWB). The T-Student statistical test of independent samples together with the Cohen's d effect size were used for the differential analysis in relation to the quarters game outcome: (a) equalized (<10 points) and (b) unequal (>10 points). Statistically significant differences were found in all the external load variables analysed, with the highest kinematic requirements in the Unequal Matches (p> 0.01; t = 2.59-3.31; d = 0.48-0.62), finding the greatest differences in the variable Impacts in all its ranges (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). In conclusion, the score is a determining factor in the external load that players endure during official matches. Therefore, it is necessary to reproduce these situations during training to subject players to stimuli similar to those that occur in the competition.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Casamichana ◽  
Julen Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between different kinds of intensity indicators in small-sided soccer games. This descriptive correlational study included 14 semi-professional male soccer players (21.3 ± 2.3 years, 174 ± 4.0 cm, 73.4 ± 5.1 kg) from the same team. The players were monitored by means of heart rate monitors and GPS devices during 27 small-sided games of nine different formats, yielding a total of 217 recordings. After each game the Borg scale was used to give a rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The internal load indicators were the mean heart rate relative to the individual maximum (%HRmean) and the RPE, while those for the external load were the player load, total distance covered, distance covered in two intensity ranges (>18 km·h-1 and >21 km·h-1), and frequency of effort (in the same two intensity ranges). There was a significant moderate correlation (r=0.506) between the two internal load measurements (%HRmean and RPE). Although there were significant correlations of different degrees between various external load measurements, only the player load was significantly correlated with the internal load indicators (r=0.331 with %HRmean and r=0.218 with RPE). During training programes of this kind, it is necessary to consider a range of intensity indicators so as to obtain complementary information. This will enable coaches to more accurately assess the load imposed on players and therefore optimize the training process.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Recovery Times on Internal and External Load During Small-Sided Games in Soccer

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812199546
Author(s):  
Luis Branquinho ◽  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Bruno Travassos ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Mário C. Marques
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Exercise Load ◽  
Recovery Times

Background: The ability to maintain a high intensity of exercise over several repetitions depends on recovery from previous exercises. This study aimed to identify the effects of different recovery times on internal and external load during small-sided soccer games. Hypothesis: An increase in recovery time will increase the external training load and decrease the internal exercise load, which will result in a greater physical impact of the exercise. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Twenty male semiprofessional soccer players participated in the present study. They performed the same exercise (5-a-side game format) continuously (1 × 18 minutes) and repeatedly/fractionated (3 × 6 minutes) with different recovery times (30 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, and 2 minutes). Their internal load (ie, average heart rate (HR) and maximum HR) and external load (ie, total distance, maximum speed, and ratio meters) were measured using an HR band and an inertial device equipped with a global positioning system, respectively. Results: The manipulation of recovery times induced differences in the internal and external load. For the same total duration, the external and internal load indicators exhibited higher values during the fractionated method, particularly with short recovery periods. Conclusion: The application of small-sided soccer games with different recovery times induced varying responses in training load. To maintain high physical performance and high training load, the fractional method with short recovery periods (ie, 30 seconds) should be used. In contrast, to carefully manage players’ efforts and decrease response to training load, continuous or fractional methods with longer recovery periods (ie, 1-2 minutes) should be used. Clinical Relevance: The proper prescription of recovery time between exercises facilitates enhanced training efficiency and optimized performance.

scholarly journals Want to Impact Physical, Technical, and Tactical Performance during Basketball Small-Sided Games in Youth Athletes? Try Differential Learning Beforehand

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9279
Author(s):  
Sogand Poureghbali ◽  
Jorge Arede ◽  
Kathrin Rehfeld ◽  
Wolfgang Schöllhorn ◽  
Nuno Leite
Keyword(s):  
Random Order ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Differential Learning ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Local Positioning System ◽  
Speed Training ◽  
Training Impulse

This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of small-sided games, based on differential learning, on the physical, technical, and positioning performance of young basketball players. Eight basketball players under 13 (U13) participated in this study. A total of eight sessions involving half-court small-sided games (4 sets × 3 min + 1 min of passive recovery) under randomly different numerical relations were performed. Before each trial, players were verbally instructed to perform the drill in one of the conditions, in random order. Pre- and post-tests were performed in the 4v4 half-court format, in each session. External load and positional data were collected via a WIMU PRO local positioning system. Individual heart rate monitoring was used to assess the internal load. Game videos also collected notational data. The results revealed that, after the intervention, the players significantly decreased the total distance covered, the peak acceleration, average speed, training impulse, and the spatial exploration index; conversely, the results confirmed an increase in the number of dribbles. Small-sided games under randomly different numerical relations imposed acute effects in distinct variables during 4v4 half-court games. However, further studies are warranted, including longer interventions and parallel-group designs, to confirm if the training-induced effects of this method are significantly better compared to other approaches.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Training Load Measures and Next-Day Well-Being in Rugby Union Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5926
Author(s):  
Richard Taylor ◽  
Tony D. Myers ◽  
Dajo Sanders ◽  
Matthew Ellis ◽  
Ibrahim Akubat
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between different internal and external load measures and next day subjective wellbeing. With institutional ethics approval, ten academy rugby union players (Five forwards, and five backs) with a local National League One club agreed to participate in the study (aged; 18.4 ± 1.0 years, height; 181.3 ± 5.9 cm, body mass 85.9 ± 13.0 kg, VO2max 56.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1). Before the 6-week in-season data collection period, participants completed an incremental treadmill test to determine lactate thresholds at 2 mmol·L−1 (LT) and 4 mmol·L−1 and the heart rate blood lactate (HR-BLa) profile for individualized training impulse (iTRIMP) calculations. Internal training load was quantified using Banister’s TRIMP, Edward’s TRIMP, Lucia’s TRIMP, individualised TRIMP and session-RPE. External training load was reported using total distance, PlayerLoadTM, high-speed distances (HSD) > 18 km∙h−1 and >15 km∙h−1, and individualized high-speed distance (iHSD) based on each player’s velocity at OBLA. On arrival and prior to all training sessions players completed a well-being questionnaire (WB). Bayesian linear mixed model analysis identified that a range of internal and external load measures explained between 30% and 37% of next-day total wellbeing and between 65% and 67% of next-day perceived stress. All other internal and external load measures demonstrated very weak to moderate relationships (R2 = 0.08 to 0.39) with all other wellbeing components. Internal sRPE, iTRIMP and bTRIMP loads alongside external HSD loads provide coaches with the most practical measures to influence players’ perceived wellbeing.

scholarly journals RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS OF EXTERNAL LOAD IN BASKETBALL GAME SIMULATING EXERCISES OF VARIOUS TECHNICAL-TACTICAL TASKS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Nowak ◽  
Tomasz Gabryś ◽  
Adam Stępniak ◽  
Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
Basketball Game ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Load Stability

The aim of the research was determining the differences, similarities and relations between time, distance and maximum speed occurring in the structure of exercises – small games. While selecting exercises, the assumption was to maintain similar internal load with various technical-tactical assumptions assessed with the help of parameters generated with the use of GPS and IMU technologies. Twelve basketball players took part in the research (age 24 ± 4.7 years; height 187.9 ± 5.2 cm; weight 83.9 ± 8.7 kg). 3 exercises simulating match conditions, and intervals between them lasted 5 minutes. The players played as long as one of the teams scored 25 points. The ranges of IMU like acceleration or deceleration were divided into I-VIII zones from the value of -8 to 8 m/s/s. To examine differences in total distance and total effort among three exercises, we performed repeated ANOVA measures. This test was statistically significant at alpha (ρ ≤ 0.05). The maximum speed and the longest distance were registered in Exercise. 1 and equalled 23.22 ± 1.73 km/h and 1097.75 ± 48.11 respectively. The longest distance covered in 1 minute was registered in Exercise 2 – 66.10 ± 5.72 m/m. For bands II to VII, there were significant differences between Exercise 3 and Exercise 1 and 2. The correlations between Exercise 2 and 3 in bands III,VII was statistically relevant. Training time aiming at reaching the same external load should be modified and not dependent on score results. Changeable time conditions result in the lack of load stability in a given exercise, hence its unpredictability as to the planned training load. The results of this research shall help coaches apply, in the right moment of a training cycle, tasks simulating match conditions of particular running load, controlling in this way a type of tiredness and its level.

scholarly journals External and internal training load relationships in soccer players: the metabolic power approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Eser Çalı ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Metabolic Distance ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
External Loads

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between internal training loads (TL) (Banister, Edwards Training-Impulse (TRIMP), session RPE (s-RPE)) and external TL (Total distance (TD), high speed distance (HSD), high metabolic distance (HMD) in amateur soccer players. Nine male amateur soccer players (age = 28.74±5.2 years; height 173.74± 8.04 cm; weight 72.73±5.5 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Individual field-based training sessions were monitored over 8 weeks. The results showed that there were moderate and very large correlations between s-RPE and both Edwards and Banister’s TRIMP (respectively, r = 0.42-0.86; r= 0.45-0.85). Additionally, from large to nearly perfect correlations were observed between the HR-based methods (r= 0.58-0.98). We also found moderate to very large correlations between s-RPE and HMD and large to nearly perfect correlations between HR-based TL methods and HMD. Correlations between internal load and external load parameters was weaker in HSD than TD. In the light of the results of the current study, internal and external loads should not be used interchangeable and HMD seems to be appropriate to monitor TL in soccer players because its equations include both speed and acceleration values.

scholarly journals The Yo-Yo IR2 test in professional basketball players

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Veli Volkan Gürses ◽  
Mustafa Şakir Akgül ◽  
Bayram Ceylan ◽  
Bilgehan Baydil
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Large Correlation ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Test Level

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between direct method and indirect method (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II) that are used to determine aerobic capacity and endurance. Fourteen basketball players (22.49 ±04.82 year-old with the height 192.36±5.90 cm, weight 89.21±7.6 kg, Body fat percentage 11.07 ± 1.82 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II protocol (YIRT 2) was implemented to participants. Distance covered by the athletes, estimated VO2max, direct VO2max, Anaerobic threshold VO2 and Anaerobic threshold heart rate (HRAT) values were recorded. Direct VO2max and other respiratory parameters were measured with telemetric gas analyzer. After 5 minute rest in supine position heart rates (HRrest), rest lactate levels (LArest) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during the test and post test lactate levels (LApost) were measured. Pearson Correlation Test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. P value was set at 0,05. According to the findings, positively significant large correlation was found between estimated VO2max and direct VO2max(r = 0.504, p < 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.501, p < 0.05), positively significant large correlation was found between distance and Direct VO2max(r = 0.521, p < 0.05), HRmax (r = 0.516, p < 0.05). There is no significant relationship except above-mentioned variables (p<0.05). YIRT2 can guess VO2max of professional male basketball players and can be used to evaluate endurance.

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