scholarly journals SOCIAL STEREOTYPES AND COGNITIVE MECHANISM OF THEIR PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Giorgashvili
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Deactivation Process ◽  
Satisfaction Theory

Given study tests cognitive model related to social information processing - Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Theory. The study was conducted as one of the research steps within another scientific project, which explored stereotypic mode of impression formation. Unlike other models, PCST presents stereotypic mode of thinking as the process, in which received information just as a neural impulse flows in the endless web of mental associations in observer’s mind and automatically acxites/inhibites certain information stored in there. We decided to test these two cognitive processes on the content of real social stereotypes. We explored stereotypes of five social categories (Cook, Lecturer, Doctor, IT and Typical Georgian Man). Then, we measured the level of acxitation/inhibition of certain characteristics within the stereotype of each category. After comparing the level of character activation-deactivation between each category, as well as to the textual characterizations obtained from focus groups about the same categories, it became clear that activation/deactivation process indeed takes place. Moreover, associations activate/deactivate in such a way, that they automatically fit (satisfy) the content of stereotype, held by the observer about perceived social category.

Automatic Stereotype Activation Is Context Dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Casper ◽  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Mental Schemas

Processes involving an automatic activation of stereotypes in different contexts were investigated using a priming paradigm with the lexical decision task. The names of social categories were combined with background pictures of specific situations to yield a compound prime comprising category and context information. Significant category priming effects for stereotypic attributes (e.g., Bavarians – beer) emerged for fitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a marquee) but not for nonfitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a shop). Findings indicate that social stereotypes are organized as specific mental schemas that are triggered by a combination of category and context information.

Initial Impressions of Others

2012 ◽  
pp. 336-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Uleman ◽  
S. Adil Saribay
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Controlled Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Impressions

“Initial impressions” bring together personality and social psychology like no other field of study—“personality” because (1) impressions are about personalities, and (2) perceivers’ personalities affect these impressions; and “social” because (3) social cognitive processes of impression formation, and (4) sociocultural contexts have major effects on impressions. To make these points, we first review how people explicitly describe others: the terms we use, how these descriptions reveal our theories about others, the important roles of traits and types (including stereotypes) in these descriptions, and other prominent frameworks (e.g., narratives and social roles). Then we highlight recent research on the social cognitive processes underlying these descriptions: automatic and controlled attention, the many effects of primes (semantic and affective) and their dependence on contexts, the acquisition of valence, spontaneous inferences about others, and the interplay of automatic and control processes. Third, we examine how accurate initial impressions are, and what accuracy means, as well as deception and motivated biases and distortions. Fourth, we review recent research on effects of target features, perceiver features, and relations between targets and perceivers. Finally, we look at frameworks for understanding explanations, as distinct from descriptions: attribution theory, theory of mind, and simulation theory.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Estimating the Effects of Trait Knowledge on Social Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110474
Author(s):  
Andrew Wildman ◽  
Richard Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Processing System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Validation Experiment

Research in social cognition has predominantly investigated perceptual and inferential processes separately, however real-world social interactions usually involve integration between person inferences (e.g., generous, selfish) and the perception of physical appearance (e.g., thin, tall). Therefore, in the current work, we investigated the integration of different person-relevant signals, by estimating the extent to which bias in one social information processing system influences another. Following an initial stimulus-validation experiment (Experiment 1, N=55), two further pre-registered experiments (Experiments 2, N=55 & 3; N=123) employed a priming paradigm to measure the effects of extraversion-diagnostic information on subsequent health and body-size judgements of a target body. The results were consistent across both priming experiments and supported our predictions: compared to trait-neutral control statements, extraversion-diagnostic statements increased judgements of health and decreased those of body size. As such, we show that trait-based knowledge does not only influence mappings towards similar types of person judgments, such as health judgments. Rather, even a brief re-configuration of trait-space alters mappings towards non-trait judgments, which are based on body size and shape. The results complement prior neuroimaging findings that showed functional interactions between the body-selective brain regions in the ventral visual stream and the theory of mind network when forming impressions of others. Therefore, we provide a functional signature of how distinct information processing units exchange signals and integrate information in order to form impressions. Overall, the current study underscores the value of behavioural work in complementing neuroscience when investigating the role and properties of functional integration during impression formation. Additionally, it stresses the potential limitations of an over-reliance on studying separate systems in isolation.

scholarly journals Prosodic organization of English folk riddles and the mechanism of their decoding

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Larysa Taranenko
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Compositional Structure ◽  
Auditory Analysis ◽  
Model Formation ◽  
Phonetic Study ◽  
Methodological Ground

The paper advances a cognitive model representing a creative mechanism of riddle decoding by its recipient, which serves as a theoretical and methodological ground for the experimental phonetic study of prosodic means that organize the text of a riddle. Within the process of cognitive model formation the author performs a conceptual analysis of the riddle compositional structure, presented as a systemic algorithmic scheme. It is confirmed that a characteristic feature of a folk riddle is its division into two elements: the first one is the description of an object, further differentiated into “topic” and “commentary”, while the second one is the riddle answer, or solution, generated directly in the recipient’s mind as a result of his/her mental activities. The carried out auditory analysis proves that such a limitation of the riddle’s structure is compensated by a set of prosodic means and their specific interaction, which trigger creative and cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind aimed at searching for the riddle solution.

Facial Feedback Effects on Impression Formation

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1251-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Ohira ◽  
Kiyomi Kurono
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Negative Facial Expression

Two experiments were conducted to examine effects of facial expressions upon social cognitive processes in which the impression of another person is formed. In each experiment, 30 female college students were induced to display or conceal their facial reactions to a hypothetical target person whose behaviors were mildly hostile (Exp. 1) or mildly friendly (Exp. 2), or their facial expressions were not manipulated. Displaying the facial expressions shifted the impression into the congruent directions with hedonic values corresponding to the facial expressions. Concealing the facial expressions, however, did not influence impression formation. Also, the positive-negative asymmetry was observed in the facial feedback effects, that is, the negative facial expression had a stronger effect on social cognition than the positive one.

scholarly journals A cognitive model’s view of animal cognition

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney D’mello ◽  
Stan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Hypotheses Generation

Abstract Although it is a relatively new field of study, the animal cognition literature is quite extensive and difficult to synthesize. This paper explores the contributions a comprehensive, computational, cognitive model can make toward organizing and assimilating this literature, as well as toward identifying important concepts and their interrelations. Using the LIDA model as an example, a framework is described within which to integrate the diverse research in animal cognition. Such a framework can provide both an ontology of concepts and their relations, and a working model of an animal’s cognitive processes that can compliment active empirical research. In addition to helping to account for a broad range of cognitive processes, such a model can help to comparatively assess the cognitive capabilities of different animal species. After deriving an ontology for animal cognition from the LIDA model, we apply it to develop the beginnings of a database that maps the cognitive facilities of a variety of animal species. We conclude by discussing future avenues of research, particularly the use of computational models of animal cognition as valuable tools for hypotheses generation and testing.

Cognitive Model of Team Collaboration: Macro-Cognitive Focus

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Warner ◽  
Michael Letsky ◽  
Michael Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Distributed Teams ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Team Collaboration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes

The purpose of this paper is to describe a cognitive model of team collaboration emphasizing the human decision-making processes used during team collaboration. The descriptive model includes the domain characteristics, collaboration stages, meta- and macro cognitive processes and the mechanisms for achieving the stages and cognitive processes. Two experiments were designed to provide empirical data on the validity of the collaboration stages and cognitive processes of the model. Both face-to-face and asynchronous, distributed teams demonstrated behavior that supports the existence of the collaboration stages along with seven cognitive processes.

Creative Stimulation in Conceptual Design

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Benami ◽  
Yan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Protocol Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Conceptual design is a process of creating functions, forms and behaviors. Although cognitive processes are utilized in the development of new ideas, conventional methodologies do not take human cognition into account. However, it is conceivable that if one could determine how cognitive processes are stimulated, then more effective conceptual design methods could be developed. In this paper, we develop a Cognitive Model of Creative Conceptual Design to capture the relationship between the properties that stimulate cognitive processes and the design operations that facilitate cognitive processes. Through cognitive modeling, protocol analysis, and cognitive experiments, this research showed that designers exhibit patterns of creative design behavior, and that these patterns can be captured and instilled into the design process, to promote creativity.

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