scholarly journals The Impacts of Dry & Wet Seasons Induced Criteria Air Pollutants Concentrations in Old Port Harcourt Gra, Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-260
Author(s):  
Levi-Okoli Ifeyinwa Chikerenma ◽  
Briggs-Kamara Apaemi ◽  
Sigalo Friday Barikpe
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants ◽  
The People ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

This paper evaluated the air quality in Old Port Harcourt GRA in order to determine if it is within or above the acceptable limits/standards by the WHO. To measure the ambient air quality in the study area, a portable gaseous emission analyzer was used. Gaseous pollutants were monitored continuously by pulsed fluorescence. In this method, air is drawn via a sample chamber where it is irradiated with pulses of ultra-violet light. Any specified gas of interest in the sample is excited to a higher energy level and upon returning to its original state, light or fluorescence is released. The amount of fluorescence measured is proportional to the gas concentration. The Suspended particulate matter was measured with an EGVOC SPM Monitor. This is a hand held Aerosol particle counters that operates by counting and sizing the number of particles in the air. In the data analysis, all the average measurements were done in uniform unit of µg/m3. From the findings, in Old Port Harcourt GRA, the ozone (O3) for both dry and wet seasons, and wet season PM10 were within the WHO standards. Sox for both wet and dry seasons were above the WHO limit by 80%; NOx for both wet and dry seasons were above WHO limits by 60%. However, the mean concentration of PM2.5 in dry season was above the WHO limits by 88.2%, while in wet season, the average concentration of PM2.5 was higher than the WHO limits by just 11.5%. The average concentration of PM10 in dry season was higher than the WHO limits by 79.5%. The implications of the findings are that the levels/concentrations of the ozone (O3) both in the dry and wet seasons and the PM10 level in wet season are safe enough for the people of old Port Harcourt GRA as they are within the WHO standards for criteria air pollutants. The level of PM2.5 in wet season is relatively safe but more works still need to be done to further reduce it to be within WHO acceptable limits. The levels/concentrations of the other criteria air pollutants are very unsafe for the people of old Port Harcourt GRA. Key words: Criteria air pollutants, Wet season, Dry Season, Port Harcourt, WHO guidelines.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Pollutions along a Major South-Western Nigerian Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Gbadebo Omoniyi Adeniyi ◽  
Olusegun Ismail Lawal ◽  
Samuel Okemute Egwenu ◽  
Jacob Ademola Sonibare ◽  
Funso Alaba Akeredolu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Air Pollutions ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

This study investigated the air pollutants in the ambient air of a typical intercity highway in Nigeria. This was to assess the effect of vehicular emission on air quality along the highway. The results showed that NOX concentrations ranged from 9.9±3.2 to 33.8±3.3 µg/m3 during the wet season and 19.0±1.2 to 35.4±2.3 µg/m3 during the dry season. Sulfur dioxide measured along this highway ranged from 49.7±38.1 to 219±18.1 µg/m3 during the wet season while dry season concentration ranged from 89.1±20.9 to 225.4±57.9 µg/m3. The TSP during the wet season ranged from 54.4±25.6 to 126.8±25.6 µg/m3. These values were below the limits of 250 mg/m3 set by FMEnv., and 150-230 mg/m3 by WHO. However, the TSP measured during the dry season ranged from 85.9±44.6 to 277.8±213.5 µg/m3. The average correlations between NOX, SO2, and TSP measured during wet and dry seasons and the traffic density were 0.7, 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. Air pollution along the Nigerian highway is highly linked to vehicular activities.

scholarly journals Impact of Wet and Dry Seasons on the Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected Vended Street Foods in Parts of Port Harcourt Metropolis

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Oyet ◽  
D. B. Kiin-Kabari ◽  
M. O. Akusu ◽  
S. C. Achinewhu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The distribution patterns of PAHs in selected ready-to-eat street foods in parts of Port Harcourt metropolis was investigated during wet and dry seasons in 3 locations (Makoba-station 1, Elekahia-station 2 and Rivers State University-station 3). The study was carried out using a complete randomized design in three factorial experiments (Factors A, B and C). Factor A represented Season, B Location and C Street Vended foods samples. The selected food samples were Roasted plantain (RP1-3), Roasted Fish (RF1-3), Roasted Yam (RY1-3), Meat Pie (MP1-3), Suya (SY1-3) and Doughnut (DN1-3). The foods were sampled twice each season and the mean results recorded. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) was used for the identification and evaluation of the presence of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs). Percentage distribution of PAHs in street vended foods during the wet and dry season showed naphthalene value of RY1:57.6% dry and RY1 Not Detected (ND) wet season, MP2: 10.7% dry and MP2: 3.4% wet. Higher naphthalene values distribution during dry season (DN1: 59.6%) was observed, with corresponding lower values recorded during the wet season (DN1: 43.3%). RP1: 10.4% wet and RY1: 19.4% wet while RP1: 9.6% dry and RY1: 2.6% dry showed lower percentage of Flouranthene values during the dry season compared with higher values obtained for the wet season. Chrysene values (RP1: 10.9% wet, RP1: 10.0% dry, SY2: 69.2% wet, SY2: 71.4% dry, MP2: 69.8%, MP2: 22.7% wet) were detected in street vended food as low molecular weight hydrocarbons, with higher degree of distribution during dry season than the wet season. Higher molecular weight Benzo(a)anthracene was detected for all food samples. For RY2: 86.1% dry and 81% wet, RF3:71.3% dry and RF3: 52.0% wet, RF2: 69.0% wet, RF2: 61.4 dry, (DN1-DN3: 28-71.5% wet) and (DN1-3: 21.9-76% dry) seasons for Benzo(a)anthracene. The study showed that Benzo(a)anthracene had the highest percentage distribution during dry season in roasted fish and doughnut (DN2). Benzo(k)fluoranthene (RP1: 2.5% wet, 2.6%dry), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (RY2: 9.9% wet, 1.7% dry, MP2: 8.9% dry and 2.7% wet) and Benzo(a)pyrene (RP1: 5.5% wet, 4.5% dry) were detected in all vended foods during wet and dry seasons, with higher percentage values observed during the dry season. Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene and Benzo(a)pyrene were detected in all vended foods. The study showed that the wet and dry seasons have imparted on the distribution levels of Lower Molecular Weight (LMW) and Higher Molecular Weight (HMW) of PAHs in ready-to-eat vended street foods. The patterns of distribution established the presence of these PAHs in selected ready-to-eat vended street foods. PAHs found in street vended foods is of public health concern to consumers and call for urgent attention for the review of the PAHs sources in food preparations, handling and storage in Port Harcourt metropolis.

scholarly journals Fruiting phenology and consumption by birds in Ficus calyptroceras (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RAGUSA-NETTO
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Fruiting Phenology ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Figs are a remarkable food resource to frugivores, mainly in periods of general fruit scarcity. Ficus calyptroceras Miq. (Moraceae) is the only fig species in a type of dry forest in western Brazil. In this study I examined the fruiting pattern as well as fig consumption by birds in F. calyptroceras. Although rainfall was highly seasonal, fruiting was aseasonal, since the monthly proportion of fruiting trees ranged from 4% to 14% (N = 50 trees). I recorded 22 bird species feeding on figs. In the wet season 20 bird species ate figs, while in the dry season 13 did. Parrots were the most important consumers. This group removed 72% and 40% of the figs consumed in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. No bird species increases fig consumption from dry to wet season. However, a group of bird species assumed as seed dispersers largely increases fig consumption from wet to dry season, suggesting the importance of this resource in the period of fruit scarcity. The results of this study points out the remarkable role that F. calyptroceras plays to frugivorous birds, in such a dry forest, since its fruits were widely consumed and were available all year round.

Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of avifauna at Ansas Dam and surrounding farmland site Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 175815592096320
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Shiferaw ◽  
Dereje Yazezew
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Debre Berhan ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The diversity, distribution, and relative abundance of avifauna were studied at and Around Ansas Dam, Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia, from early September 2018 to early February 2019, covering both wet and dry seasons. Line transect technique was employed to study the diversity, abundance and distribution of birds species in the farmland site while total count employed on the dam. Data were collected in both wet and dry seasons from 6:30 to10:00 early morning and 15:30 to 18.00 late afternoon, when birds are more active. The data were analyzed with Shannon-Weiner Index, Simpson Index, Evenness Index, and relative abundance. A total of 45 bird species (35 in the dam and 22 in the farmland) belonging to nine orders and 21 families were recorded during the study period. Order Passeriformes (37.8%) followed by order Charadriformes (24.4%) were represented highest number. From all identified species at Ansas Dam and surrounding farmland, Abyssinian longclaw, Black-headed siskins, White-tailed swallow, Blue-winged goose, and Spot-breasted lapwing were endemic birds to Ethiopia. The highest Shannon diversity (H′ = 2.1) was recorded in dam during the dry season while the lowest (H′ = 1.78) was recorded during wet season in farmland. However, the Simpson diversity Index of avian species indicated relatively higher avian species diversity during the dry season in dam (D = 0.80) than farmland (D = 0.71) habitat. Evenness was highest in the dam (E = 0.65) and lowest in the farmland (E = 0.58) habitat. More avian species similarity (SI = 0.42) at farmland and dam habitat during the wet season but least similarity (SI = 0.2) was observed during the dry season. Most birds had scored rare in the ordinal scale while few species with abundant and uncommon ranks in both habitats and seasons. Conservation of the different charismatic bird species should be taken as an important component of wildlife management plan in the area.

A survey of insect populations in Capsicum chinense L. plantings in Georgetown, St. Vincent, using modified CC traps.

1969 ◽  
Vol 93 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-221
Author(s):  
Matthew Ciomperlik ◽  
Chang Chi Chu ◽  
Jason Carlson ◽  
Marcus Richards ◽  
Thomas J. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The insect populations in hot pepper, Capsicum chinense L. (Solanaceae), were surveyed in Georgetown, St. Vincent, during the 2004 wet and 2005 dry seasons. Modified white, blue, and yellow CC traps were used to capture insects in the plantings. Overall, 69 insect families were captured, 41 of which were captured during both the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, the greatest numbers of individuals captured were from the Cecidomyiidae, Chironomidae, Chloropidae, Chrysomelidae, Cicadellidae, and Drosophilidae families. During the dry season, the greatest numbers of individuals captured were from Chrysomelidae and Cicadellidae families. The addition of dichlorvos as a killing agent and propylene glycol as an insect preservative to the CC traps increased the number and diversity of insects caught. Additionally, propylene glycol helped to preserve the specimens for taxonomic and genetic determinations. CC traps with yellow bases attracted more insect families than traps with white or blue bases. However, CC traps with blue bases caught more Lonchaeidae during both the wet and dry seasons, and more Tachinidae during the dry season. CC traps with white or yellow trap bases were equally attractive to insects in the families Aleyrodidae, Drosophilidae, Lauxaniidae, and Otitidae.

scholarly journals Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 6461-6482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz A. T. Machado ◽  
Alan J. P. Calheiros ◽  
Thiago Biscaro ◽  
Scott Giangrande ◽  
Maria A. F. Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract. This study provides an overview of precipitation processes and their sensitivities to environmental conditions in the Central Amazon Basin near Manaus during the GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiments. This study takes advantage of the numerous measurement platforms and instrument systems operating during both campaigns to sample cloud structure and environmental conditions during 2014 and 2015; the rainfall variability among seasons, aerosol loading, land surface type, and topography has been carefully characterized using these data. Differences between the wet and dry seasons were examined from a variety of perspectives. The rainfall rates distribution, total amount of rainfall, and raindrop size distribution (the mass-weighted mean diameter) were quantified over both seasons. The dry season generally exhibited higher rainfall rates than the wet season and included more intense rainfall periods. However, the cumulative rainfall during the wet season was 4 times greater than that during the total dry season rainfall, as shown in the total rainfall accumulation data. The typical size and life cycle of Amazon cloud clusters (observed by satellite) and rain cells (observed by radar) were examined, as were differences in these systems between the seasons. Moreover, monthly mean thermodynamic and dynamic variables were analysed using radiosondes to elucidate the differences in rainfall characteristics during the wet and dry seasons. The sensitivity of rainfall to atmospheric aerosol loading was discussed with regard to mass-weighted mean diameter and rain rate. This topic was evaluated only during the wet season due to the insignificant statistics of rainfall events for different aerosol loading ranges and the low frequency of precipitation events during the dry season. The impacts of aerosols on cloud droplet diameter varied based on droplet size. For the wet season, we observed no dependence between land surface type and rain rate. However, during the dry season, urban areas exhibited the largest rainfall rate tail distribution, and deforested regions exhibited the lowest mean rainfall rate. Airplane measurements were taken to characterize and contrast cloud microphysical properties and processes over forested and deforested regions. Vertical motion was not correlated with cloud droplet sizes, but cloud droplet concentration correlated linearly with vertical motion. Clouds over forested areas contained larger droplets than clouds over pastures at all altitudes. Finally, the connections between topography and rain rate were evaluated, with higher rainfall rates identified at higher elevations during the dry season.

scholarly journals Current Population Status and Activity Pattern of Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) and Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in Abijata-Shalla Lakes National Park (ASLNP), Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tewodros Kumssa ◽  
Afework Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

A study of the population status, habitat preference, and activity pattern of nonbreeding flamingos was carried out in Lakes Abijata, Shalla, and Chitu, part of the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia, from 2011 to 2013. The current population status and habitat preference of flamingos in the area are still poorly known. Likewise, data on diurnal and seasonal activity pattern of the species are scarce and this leads to the misunderstanding of how Flamingos use local wetlands throughout the different seasons. Data regarding population size and activity pattern were gathered during the wet and dry seasons. Point-count method was used to estimate the population size. Behaviors were recorded using scan sampling techniques. A total of 53671 individuals representing two species of flamingo were counted during both wet and dry seasons from the three lakes. There were more flamingos during the dry season than the wet season in Lake Abijata contrary to Lakes Shalla and Chitu during the wet season. Lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) were the most abundant species comprising 95.39%, while Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) accounted for 4.61% of the total population. Lake Abijata is the major stronghold of Lesser Flamingos in the area. There was significant variation in the mean number of both species during the wet and dry season in the different study sites of the lake, respectively. The species were known to use varied habitats within the lakes. The Lesser Flamingo mainly preferred the shoreline and mudflat areas of the lakes. However, Greater Flamingo on several occasions showed preference to offshore area of the lakes. Seasonal average flock sizes were not similar between the species. There was a strong relationship between time allocated to each activity and time of day. Feeding activity varied among daylight hours and was higher in the evening (76.5%) and late morning (74.56%) and least during midday (54%). Some variations in activity breakdown were observed between time blocks and season. Conservation efforts in the park should include the wild flora and fauna not only of the land but also of the aquatic systems. The information in this study will be very useful for the future management of the species in the area.

scholarly journals SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY TERRACED PADDY FIELD ON SLOPPING AGRICULTURAL LAND

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukristiyonubowo Sukristiyonubowo ◽  
D. Gabriels ◽  
M. Verlooc
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Terraced Paddy Field ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Terraced paddy field is not only important for rural food security, but also for trapping sediment in the slopping land. The aims of this research were to quantify the amount of incoming and outgoing sediments and to study sediment movement behavior during harrowing and fertilizing under traditional irrigation of terraced paddy field system. This study was carried out at Keji Village, Semarang District, Central Java during two cropping seasons, a wet season 2003/04 and a dry season 2004. A paddy field with eight terraces was selected. The terraces were flat, different in size and descending to the river. Sediment samples were taken at harrowing and fertilizing activities. The results indicated that at harrowing, outgoing sediment was higher than incoming both during the wet and the dry seasons. About 0.53 and 0.27 t ha-1 day-1 of soil were eroded during harrowing in the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. However, a week before and after fertilizing, both in the wet and the dry seasons, the amounts of incoming sediment were higher than the outgoing one. In the wet season, the amounts of incoming sediments were three to four times higher than the outgoing one, both a week before and after fertilizing. During the wet season, about 0.31 and 0.34 t ha-1 day-1 of sediment was yielded a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. During the dry season, the incoming sediments were ten times higher than the outgoing one. On an average the sediment yields were about 0.07 and 0.08 t ha-1 day-1 a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. Terraces having greater areas deposited more sediment than those with smaller sizes. During a week before and after first fertilizing, the total amounts of incoming sediments were 6.44 and 1.19 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, while that of outgoing sediments were 1.89 and 0.14 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This indicates that terraced paddy fields are not only producing rice, but also providing environmental service in term of sediment trapping. This external service minimizes sedimentation in the downstream.<p> </p>

scholarly journals Long-Term historical and Projected Herbivore Population Dynamics in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph O. Ogutu ◽  
Patricia D Moehlman ◽  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
Victor A Runyoro ◽  
Michael B Coughenour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Species ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The Ngorongoro Crater is an intact caldera with an area of approximately 310 km2. Long term records on herbivore populations, vegetation and rainfall made it possible to analyze historic and project future herbivore population dynamics. In 1974 there was a perturbation in that resident Maasai and their livestock were removed from the Crater. Vegetation structure changed in 1967 from predominately short grassland to mid and tall grasses dominating in 1995. Even with a change in grassland structure, total herbivore biomass remained relatively stable from 1963 to 2012, implying that the crater has a stable multi-herbivore community. However, in 1974, Maasai pastoralists were removed from the Ngorongoro Crater and there were significant changes in population trends for some herbivore species. Buffalo, elephant and ostrich numbers increased significantly during 1974-2012. The zebra population was stable from 1963 to 2012 whereas numbers of other eight species declined substantially between 1974 and 2012 relative to their peak numbers during 1974-1976. Numbers of Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles, eland, kongoni, waterbuck (wet season only) declined significantly in the Crater in both seasons after 1974. Wildebeest numbers decreased in the Crater between 1974 and 2012 but this decrease was not statistically significant. In addition, some herbivore species were consistently more abundant inside the Crater during the wet than the dry season. This pattern was most evident for the large herbivore species requiring bulk forage, comprising buffalo, eland, and elephant. Analyses of rainfall indicated that there was a persistent annual cycle of 4.83 years. Herbivore population size was correlated with rainfall in both the wet and dry seasons. The relationships established between the time series of historic animal counts in the wet and dry seasons and lagged wet and dry season rainfall series were used to forecast the likely future trajectories of the wet and dry season population size for each species under three alternative climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Occurrence ofBlastocystissp. in water catchments at Malay villages and Aboriginal settlement during wet and dry seasons in Peninsular Malaysia

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samseh Abdullah Noradilah ◽  
Ii Li Lee ◽  
Tengku Shahrul Anuar ◽  
Fatmah Md Salleh ◽  
Siti Nor Azreen Abdul Manap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

In the tropics, there are too few studies on isolation ofBlastocystissp. subtypes from water sources; in addition, there is also an absence of reported studies on the occurrence ofBlastocystissp. subtypes in water during different seasons. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the occurrence ofBlastocystissp. subtypes in river water and other water sources that drained aboriginal vicinity of highly endemic intestinal parasitic infections during wet and dry seasons. Water samples were collected from six sampling points of Sungai Krau (K1–K6) and a point at Sungai Lompat (K7) and other water sources around the aboriginal villages. The water samples were collected during both seasons, wet and dry seasons. Filtration of the water samples were carried out using a flatbed membrane filtration system. The extracted DNA from concentrated water sediment was subjected to single round polymerase chain reaction and positive PCR products were subjected to sequencing. All samples were also subjected to filtration and cultured on membrane lactose glucuronide agar for the detection of faecal coliforms. During wet season,Blastocystissp. ST1, ST2 and ST3 were detected in river water samples.Blastocystissp. ST3 occurrence was sustained in the river water samples during dry season. HoweverBlastocystissp. ST1 and ST2 were absent during dry season. Water samples collected from various water sources showed contaminations ofBlastocystissp. ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST4, during wet season andBlastocystissp. ST1, ST3, ST8 and ST10 during dry season. Water collected from all river sampling points during both seasons showed growth ofEscherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, indicating faecal contamination. In this study,Blastocystissp. ST3 is suggested as the most robust and resistant subtype able to survive in any adverse environmental condition. Restriction and control of human and animal faecal contaminations to the river and other water sources shall prevent the transmission ofBlastocystissp. to humans and animals in this aboriginal community.

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