Carbon Black. I—A Study of Its Volatile Constituents

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The rates of evolution of gas from carbon black with variation of time, temperature, and pressure have been determined. Complete analyses have been made of five types of carbon black, which involve an organic combustion of the original sample, an organic combustion of the sample after the gases have been removed, a determination of the loss in weight represented by the gases removed, analyses of the gases removed, and finally a complete accounting, or balance, of the carbon in the steps considered. In an attempt to supply some missing information not revealed by the foregoing, some special gas analyses under varying conditions were made. The relationship between the amount and composition of volatile matter evolved from carbon blacks and the properties imparted to vulcanized rubber when compounded with these blacks has been studied.

scholarly journals Determination of carbon black in vulcanized rubber by pyrolysis technique

1972 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 989-992
Author(s):  
Tadaoki OKUMOTO ◽  
Tsugio TAKEUCHI ◽  
Emiko NAKAJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber

The Direct Determination of Oxygen in Rubber. The Adaptation of the Ter Meulen Method to Rubber and Its Application to the Study of Aging

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. I. Cramer ◽  
I. J. Sjothun ◽  
L. E. Oneacre
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Oxygen Bomb ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The ter Meulen method for the direct determination of oxygen has been adapted, with modifications, to the analysis of raw and vulcanized rubbers. Raney nickel has been found to be quite effective as the reducing catalyst and to be satisfactorily resistant to sulfur poisoning. The method has been applied to the study of the aging of vulcanized rubber in the Geer oven and oxygen bomb. From this study the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) The increase in combined oxygen is greater in the oxygen bomb than in the Geer oven. (2) Deterioration of rubber in the oxygen bomb involves oxidation primarily, whereas that occurring in the Geer oven involves not only oxidation but also thermal decomposition followed by volatilization of oxidation products. (3) The effectiveness of an antioxidant in retarding the absorption of oxygen in oxygen-bomb aging agrees well with its ability to maintain the physical properties of the stock in which it is present. (4) The deterioration in physical properties of a rubber stock in the oxygen bomb during the early stages of aging is a linear function of the increase in combined oxygen. For stocks containing antioxidants and diphenylguanidine as the accelerator, an increase in combined oxygen of approximately 1.2% corresponds to a decrease in tensile strength of 50%. (5) The relationship of increase in combined oxygen to decrease in tensile strength seems to be affected not only by antioxidants, but also by accelerators of vulcanization.

Use of χ As a Function of Volume Fraction of Rubber to Determine Crosslink Density by Swelling

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Hergenrother ◽  
Ashley S. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A technique is described allowing a relatively simple determination of χ as a function of vr from swelling in heptane. A good measure of the true νe of the cured elastomer at all values of vr was demonstrated by substituting this relationship for χ in the Flory-Rehner (F-R) equation. The relationship was established over a wide range of vr values by using samples that had the νe of the cured elastomer determined by tensile retraction (TR). Applying this function to samples treated using the thiol probe method of Campbell gave an improved measure of the types of crosslinks present in sulfur-cured stocks. An identical equation describing χ as a function of vr in heptane was obtained with NR, EPDM and SBR containing up to a 0.31 volume fraction of carbon black (CB) and other fillers. The presence of up to 10 % of clay, talc, silica, resins or metal oxides in the CB had no noticeable effect on the relationship measured. However, when the filler contained about 50% silica a distinctly different slope in the relationship was found. The percent S1, S2 and Sx distribution measured was contrasted between measurements made by 13C NMR, swelling with χ = constant or χ as a function of vr.

Experiments on the Determination of the Activity of Carbon Black by Its Power of Adsorbing Carbon Tetrachloride Vapor

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
T. Patryn
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Abstract On the basis that a material like carbon black must, because of its very high ratio of surface area to volume, possess very high adsorptive capacity, several investigators have attempted to establish the relationship between the adsorptive capacity of carbon black and its activity in rubber. Spear and Moore used aqueous solutions of malachite green, Victoria blue and hexamethylenetetramine; Beaver and Keller used iodine in aqueous potassium iodide; Goodwin and Park used iodine in carbon tetrachloride and also an aqueous solution of methylene blue; Carson and Sebrell used iodine, benzoic acid, mercaptobenzothiazole and diphenylguanidine. All these workers tested various types of carbon black. If one examines critically the data of these several investigators from the point of view of the relation between the adsorptive capacity of a carbon black and its activity in rubber, it will be evident that the investigations do not lead to any reliable method whereby the behavior of carbon black in rubber can be judged by its adsorptive capacity.

scholarly journals Experimental Determination of CO2 Diffusion Coefficient in a Brine-Saturated Core Simulating Reservoir Condition

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Zerong Li ◽  
Lei Yuan ◽  
Guodong Sun ◽  
Junchen Lv ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Co2 Diffusion ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crucial Part

CO2 diffusion coefficient plays a crucial part in saline aquifers for the CO2 storage and the safety of long-term sequestration. Therefore, it is particularly important to measure the diffusion coefficient accurately. As far as we know, there are currently no CO2 brine diffusion data in real cores under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. In this paper, a study on the CO2 diffusion coefficient diffused in a brine-saturated Berea core along the radial direction was conducted at temperatures of 313.15 K to 373.15 K and pressures of 8 MPa to 30 MPa. On account of the experimental results, the effect of permeability, NaCl concentration, temperature and pressure on the CO2 diffusivity is analyzed. The results in this study indicate that the diffusion coefficient increases with increasing permeability, pressure and temperature and decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. However, the relationship between pressure and the diffusion coefficient is not linear. As the pressure gradually increases, the effect of pressure will become weak. In addition, an empirical correlation of the relationship between temperature–pressure and the CO2 diffusion coefficient could be obtained based on the experimental data. The data in this paper fill the blank on the study of the CO2 diffusivity in brine under reservoir conditions, which has positive significance for the study of supercritical CO2 diffusion in a brine-saturated core.

Determination of Free Carbon in Cured Rubber Stocks

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
I. M. Kolthoff ◽  
R. G. Gutmacher
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Free Carbon ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Inorganic Fillers ◽  
Dilute Nitric Acid

Abstract A method for the determination of free carbon in vulcanized rubber stocks is described. The sample is softened in boiling p-dichlorobenzene before treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of osmium tetroxide. No difficulties are encountered in the filtration of the carbon black. The carbon black is washed on the filter with dilute nitric acid to remove acid-soluble inorganic fillers. The method has been successfully applied to natural rubber, GR-S, Butyl rubber, and Neoprene. No correction is necessary.

Determination of Polymer Composition of Rubber Vulcanizates

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1278-1281
Author(s):  
D. W. Carlson ◽  
H. C. Ransaw ◽  
A. G. Altenau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Infrared Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Various methods exist for the quantitative determination of the polymer composition in vulcanized stocks. These methods consist of dissolving the vulcanizates in boiling o-dichlorobenzene, removal of the carbon black by filtration, and then infrared determination of the polymer. Pyrolysis of the stock followed by infrared analysis of the products has also been used. This technique had the disadvantages of requiring an analysis of products other than the original polymer or polymers. The infrared calibration based on polymers would no longer be valid. There may also be some uncertainty about changes in the relationship between the original microstructure and the pyrolysis products. Other infrared studies have been made but no quantitative measurements were reported. Recently an NMR method was published for vulcanizate analysis. The method consisted of dissolving the vulcanizate in hexachlorobutadiene, recording the NMR spectrum of the solution, and determining the total amount of butadiene, styrene, and natural rubber from the spectrum. Good results were obtained on a variety of vulcanizates. The one disadvantage of the method was that only a limited amount of microstructure data could be obtained. This was due to the lack of resolution of the 60-megacycle NMR. We have now developed a technique which allows enough of the rubber to dissolve in carbon disulfide for infrared analysis. This solution is free of carbon black. Infrared analysis provides microstructure data on the butadiene and/or isoprene portions as well as the total styrene content.

scholarly journals Optimization of Head Space Pressure Using Liquid Nitrogen in Hot-packed BBQ Sauce

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Praveen Yerramsetti ◽  
Timothy Bowser ◽  
Ranjith Ramanathan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Head Space ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: BBQ sauce was hot-filled at 54°C (130°F) in plastic PET, 567 g (20 oz) bottles. The PET bottles paneled, due to the temperature and pressure of the hot-fill process. Liquid nitrogen was used as a processing aid to optimize the headspace pressure to prevent paneling. Objective: The objective of the research was to eliminate paneling of the PET bottles due to hot-filling. Methods: A micro dosing system was used to inject nitrogen into the container just after filling and immediately prior to capping. Headspace pressure was measured using a custom-designed pressure sensor. Nitrogen dosage time was plotted against headspace pressure. The relationship between nitrogen dosage time and headspace pressure was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.84, and slope of 1.36 kPa/ms, with an intercept of -12.21 kPa. Results & Conclusion: Results were analyzed using analysis of variance. Visual inspection of the bottles for defects resulted in the determination of the optimum headspace pressure of 30 kPa (4.4 psi).

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