Determination of Polymer Composition of Rubber Vulcanizates

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1278-1281
Author(s):  
D. W. Carlson ◽  
H. C. Ransaw ◽  
A. G. Altenau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Infrared Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Various methods exist for the quantitative determination of the polymer composition in vulcanized stocks. These methods consist of dissolving the vulcanizates in boiling o-dichlorobenzene, removal of the carbon black by filtration, and then infrared determination of the polymer. Pyrolysis of the stock followed by infrared analysis of the products has also been used. This technique had the disadvantages of requiring an analysis of products other than the original polymer or polymers. The infrared calibration based on polymers would no longer be valid. There may also be some uncertainty about changes in the relationship between the original microstructure and the pyrolysis products. Other infrared studies have been made but no quantitative measurements were reported. Recently an NMR method was published for vulcanizate analysis. The method consisted of dissolving the vulcanizate in hexachlorobutadiene, recording the NMR spectrum of the solution, and determining the total amount of butadiene, styrene, and natural rubber from the spectrum. Good results were obtained on a variety of vulcanizates. The one disadvantage of the method was that only a limited amount of microstructure data could be obtained. This was due to the lack of resolution of the 60-megacycle NMR. We have now developed a technique which allows enough of the rubber to dissolve in carbon disulfide for infrared analysis. This solution is free of carbon black. Infrared analysis provides microstructure data on the butadiene and/or isoprene portions as well as the total styrene content.

Carbon Black. I—A Study of Its Volatile Constituents

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The rates of evolution of gas from carbon black with variation of time, temperature, and pressure have been determined. Complete analyses have been made of five types of carbon black, which involve an organic combustion of the original sample, an organic combustion of the sample after the gases have been removed, a determination of the loss in weight represented by the gases removed, analyses of the gases removed, and finally a complete accounting, or balance, of the carbon in the steps considered. In an attempt to supply some missing information not revealed by the foregoing, some special gas analyses under varying conditions were made. The relationship between the amount and composition of volatile matter evolved from carbon blacks and the properties imparted to vulcanized rubber when compounded with these blacks has been studied.

scholarly journals Element-for-Element Replacement? Beware! There Might Be a "No-Entry" Sign

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-627
Author(s):  
Kazem Lotfipour-Saedi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Language System ◽  
Direct Route ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Replacement Operation

Abstract Various definitions have been offered for translation, each assuming a different orientation to the nature of meaning and language but all sharing the notion of replacement of one sort or another. The commonsensically perceived framework of translation operation is also basically founded upon the notion of replacement, mostly leading to the illusion that translation is just a matter of replacing SL elements by TL ones. But due to the uniqueness of each language system on the one hand and the non-isomorphic nature of the relationship between form and meaning across language on the other, this replacement operation faces challenging problems. This paper argues that there is no direct route in this operation and the replacement becomes possible only through the determination of the value of the elements to be replaced.

III.—The Place in Nature of the Tasmanian Aboriginal as deduced from a Study of his Calvarium.—Part I. His Relations to the Anthropoid Apes, Pithecanthropus, Homo primigenius, Homo fossilis, and Homo sapiens

1912 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 41-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. A. Berry ◽  
A. W. D. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Material ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

IN our communication to the Royal Society of Victoria of the 11th March, 1909 (1), describing our recent discovery of forty-two Tasmanian crania hitherto quite unknown to the world of science, we stated that “one of the earliest purposes to which it is proposed to utilise the present material is the determination of the relationship of the Tasmanian to the anthropoids and primitive man on the one hand, and to the Australian aboriginal on the other hand. Schwalbe's study of Pithecanthropus erectus (2) may serve as a basis for the former purpose, and Klaatsch's recent work (3) for the latter, though it must be remembered that innumerable authors have contributed to both subjects.” The present work is the fulfilment of the first part of this undertaking, namely, the determination of the relationship of the Tasmanian to the anthropoids and primitive man.

scholarly journals Employment Adjustments on the Internal and External Labour Market – An Empirical Study with Personnel Records of a German Company

2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Gerlach ◽  
Olaf Hübler
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Job Change ◽  
Product Demand ◽  
Employment Adjustment ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

SummaryFirms are affected by the product demand. This leads to employment adjustments. In the literature we find only very few contributions investigating the issue whether internal adjustments are linked and which relationships exist with external adjustments. Are they of a complementary or substitutive nature? Furthermore, it is of interest to find out, whether we can observe an obvious trend and whether the adjustments are driven by cyclical movements.For this study we have an extensive data set of a large German manufacturing company, which supplies innovative products for the domestic and international market, provided on amonthly base from January 1999 to December 2005. The empirical analysis starts with descriptive statistics. We find that the employment adjustment cycle coincides only to a certain degree with the macroeconomic cycle. Internal and external adjustments are more characterized by complementarity than by substitution. Over the observed period we cannot detect analogous wage adjustments. It is noticeable that in 2003 compared with the years before the number of employees is substantially reduced. The econometric investigation is based on a two-stage approach. We start with a bivariate probit estimation in order to extract the relationship between the probability of overtime and of promotion. Unobserved variables have opposite effects on the former and the latter adjustment instrument. Furthermore, we detect a negative trend of internal employment adjustments. Cyclical effects are ambiguous. The next step, the determination of external adjustments with respect to overtime and promotion adjustments, is split into two estimates. On the one hand we do not distinguish between the type of external employment adjustment and on the other hand we use this information separating between quits, layoffs, workers with a cancellation agreement and with a transition into a transfer organisation. The first approach demonstrates that a promotion reduces the probability to leave the firm while overtime is positively associated with an external job change. This pattern holds generally speaking in the second, more detailed estimates. Quits are the exception. In this case we observe opposite effects. Finally, we cannot detect any influences of promotions on cancellation agreements.

Use of χ As a Function of Volume Fraction of Rubber to Determine Crosslink Density by Swelling

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Hergenrother ◽  
Ashley S. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A technique is described allowing a relatively simple determination of χ as a function of vr from swelling in heptane. A good measure of the true νe of the cured elastomer at all values of vr was demonstrated by substituting this relationship for χ in the Flory-Rehner (F-R) equation. The relationship was established over a wide range of vr values by using samples that had the νe of the cured elastomer determined by tensile retraction (TR). Applying this function to samples treated using the thiol probe method of Campbell gave an improved measure of the types of crosslinks present in sulfur-cured stocks. An identical equation describing χ as a function of vr in heptane was obtained with NR, EPDM and SBR containing up to a 0.31 volume fraction of carbon black (CB) and other fillers. The presence of up to 10 % of clay, talc, silica, resins or metal oxides in the CB had no noticeable effect on the relationship measured. However, when the filler contained about 50% silica a distinctly different slope in the relationship was found. The percent S1, S2 and Sx distribution measured was contrasted between measurements made by 13C NMR, swelling with χ = constant or χ as a function of vr.

Determination of the milk yield of sows and correction for loss of weight due to metabolic processes of piglets during suckling

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Van Spaendonck ◽  
F. X. Vanschoubroek
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn determining the milk yield of the sow by weighing the litter before and after suckling, loss of weight due to metabolic processes must be considered.An experiment is described to investigate the loss of weight of piglets caused by metabolic processes between two consecutive weighings, and to investigate the relationship between this loss on the one hand and the body weight and the age of the piglets on the other. Weight changes of 15 litters of average 9·8 piglets were studied during 66 weighing periods of 16 minutes, by putting the pigs in a cage, fixed on a differential balance. Each weighing period consisted of 8 periods of 2 minutes, so that in all, loss of weight was studied during 528 2-minute periods.

Concerning the Application of FT-IR to the Study of Coal: A Critical Assessment of Band Assignments and the Application of Spectral Analysis Programs

1981 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Painter ◽  
Randy W. Snyder ◽  
Michael Starsinic ◽  
Michael M. Coleman ◽  
Deborah W. Kuehn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Relationship

The problems associated with the application of FT-IR to the characterization of coal structure are critically discussed. The controversies concerning band assignments are considered and it is concluded that the strong 1600 cm−1 band can be assigned to an aromatic ring stretching mode that in most coals is intensity enhanced by the presence of phenolic groups. The application of computer routines to the determination of OH and CH groups is considered. Established criteria for curve fitting are applied to the problem. Qualitative identification of functional groups is achieved, but consistent quantitative measurements will require a determination of the relationship between the extinction coefficients of resolved bands.

Experiments on the Determination of the Activity of Carbon Black by Its Power of Adsorbing Carbon Tetrachloride Vapor

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
T. Patryn
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Abstract On the basis that a material like carbon black must, because of its very high ratio of surface area to volume, possess very high adsorptive capacity, several investigators have attempted to establish the relationship between the adsorptive capacity of carbon black and its activity in rubber. Spear and Moore used aqueous solutions of malachite green, Victoria blue and hexamethylenetetramine; Beaver and Keller used iodine in aqueous potassium iodide; Goodwin and Park used iodine in carbon tetrachloride and also an aqueous solution of methylene blue; Carson and Sebrell used iodine, benzoic acid, mercaptobenzothiazole and diphenylguanidine. All these workers tested various types of carbon black. If one examines critically the data of these several investigators from the point of view of the relation between the adsorptive capacity of a carbon black and its activity in rubber, it will be evident that the investigations do not lead to any reliable method whereby the behavior of carbon black in rubber can be judged by its adsorptive capacity.

scholarly journals Determination of Birefringence of Uniaxial Crystals: The Use of Conoscopy for Quantitative Measurements

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Mohan Srinivasarao
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
The One

Often times one is asked the question "how can the optical microscope be used to make quantitative measurements?" The microscope certainly lets one observe the sample {whatever the sample may be) and make qualitative statements about what is it one is looking at. It has been used for various purposes from just visual observation in brightfield, reflection and the one that is near and dear to my heart, observations under crossed polarizers. This certainly allows one to identify materials as being isotropic or anisotropic. If one works on materials like liquid crystals, an optical microscope is a tool that is used all the time. It certainly allows for identification of various phases of liquid crystals based on the defects and textures that can be observed. All of this is somewhat qualitative in nature. By that I mean that the observations do not lend themselves to obtain, say for example, refractive index or birefringence of the material. I would like to describe a technique that will allow one to do just that.

scholarly journals Fusiones internacionales, libertad de establecimiento y derechos de los acreedores. Cuestiones abiertas por la STJ (Sala Tercera) de 7 de abril de 2016 (as. C-483/14, KA Finanz AG y Sparkassen Versicherung AG Vienna Insurance Group) = International mergers, freedom of establishment and creditor’s rights. Open questions in the judgment of the court of justice (third chamber) of 7th april 2016 (as. C-483/14, KA Finanz AG and Sparkassen Versicherung AG Vienna Insurance Group)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Rafael Arenas García
Keyword(s):  
Company Law ◽  
Freedom Of Establishment ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Insurance Group ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
International Mergers ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Rights ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: La sentencia KA Finanz ofrece al Tribunal de Luxemburgo la oportunidad de pronunciarse sobre varias cuestiones relevantes en materia de fusiones internacionales. En concreto sobre las relaciones entre el Derecho rector de las obligaciones de las que son parte las sociedades que intervienen en la fusión y la que se aplica a este operación; la determinación del Derecho rector de la fusión y ciertos límites en las posibilidades de regular las garantías de los acreedores en las fusiones internacionales. Además, interpreta qué ha de entenderse por titulares de títulos a los que correspondan derechos especiales (art. 15 de la Directiva 78/855/CEE).Palabras clave: Derecho de sociedades, libertad de establecimiento, fusiones internacionales, protección de los acreedores.Abstract: The KA Finanz judgment allows the Luxembourg Court to deal with some relevant issues connected to international mergers. Specifically, on the relationship between the laws governing the obligations of which the companies involved in the merger are parties, and the one that applies to the merger; the determination of the law governing the merger and also on certain limits of the national legislators in the regulation of the creditor’s guarantees in international mergers. Furthermore, it interprets what is to be understood by holders of securities to which special rights are attached (article 15 of Directive 78/855 / EEC).Keywords: Company law, freedom of establishment, international mergers, protection of the interest of creditors.

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