Thermal Problems in Rubber Manufacture

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-695
Author(s):  
Stuart H. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Physics Laboratory ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract The threefold heat problems of the industry are, in order of their occurrence: (1) Controlled removal of heat generated in processing crude rubber. (2) Regulation of heating and cooling processes to give the most nearly uniform vulcanization in the shortest possible time. (3) Measurement and reduction of heat generation in products subject in service to cyclic stress conditions. Each of the three types of problems engages the attention of chemists and engineers as well as physicists. The chemist is constantly searching for new ingredients and combinations of materials which will promote rapid vulcanization at curing temperatures, that is, 240 to 320° F. The same rubber compounds, when unvulcanized, must be relatively insensitive to processing temperatures up to about 220° F; when vulcanized they must withstand prolonged use at temperatures above 200° F. The engineer must design curing equipment and related automatic controls. He also must design the combinations of rubber compounds and structural elements which make up the products of the industry. The physicist must measure and analyze the thermal properties of the raw materials, the rubber compounds and the finished products. He also must apply the methods of the physics laboratory to the study in the factory of thermal problems connected with production operations. The cooperation of all is essential in producing for the consumer better products at lower cost.

Thermal Properties of Rubber Compounds. II. Heat Generation of Pigmented Rubber Compounds

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Barnett ◽  
W. C. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moving Plate ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Machines ◽  
Rubber Block

Abstract THE first paper (1) of this series discussed thermal conductivity of rubber and a number of compounding ingredients which were measured using the electric current as the source of heat. In this article the fundamental factors controlling the generation of heat and the variations possible by pigmentation are being studied. Results obtained for pigmented rubber in the pendulum and flexometer will be discussed and correlated. In the writers' laboratory two machines have been used extensively in studying the temperature developed in rubber compounds subjected to distortion by compressive forces. The first of these is a flexometer described by Cooper (2), and the second a compression machine in which a rubber block 14 cm. (5.5 inches) in diameter and 9.53 cm. (3.75 inches) high is pounded with a definite load a specified number of times per minute. The laboratory test block used in the flexometer is in the shape of a frustrum of a rectangular pyramid, of which the base is 5.4 × 2.86 cm. (2.126 × 1.125 inches), the top 5.08 × 2.54 cm. (2 × 1 inches), and the altitude 3.81 cm. (1.5 inches). This block of rubber is compressed between two plates under definite load, one of the plates being stationary while the other travels in a circular motion of definite magnitude. After the sample has been placed in the machine, the moving plate is set to one side of the center. Both the loading and the amount of offset may be varied within wide limits. With this machine one may study either the temperature developed over a period of flexing or the time required to compress the sample a predetermined amount.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF MULTI-CYCLE FATIGUE OF EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY ELEMENTS UNDER COMPLEX STRESS CONDITIONS AND NON- STATIONARY LOADING

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (77) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
S. J. JASEN ◽  
◽  
D. K. JAKIYEV ◽  
S. S. ZHUNISBEKOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Complex Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Stationary Loading ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

A computational and experimental method for estimating the fatigue life of structural elements of machines operating under complex cyclic stress conditions and non-stationary loading is considered. Comparison of the results of the calculations and experimental data indicated the effectiveness of the kinetic equation of multi-cycle fatigue damage based on the energy concentration of fatigue failure.

Correlation of Electronic and Thermal Properties of Short Channel nMOSFETS

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Palaniappan ◽  
V. Ng ◽  
R. Heiderhoff ◽  
J.C.H. Phang ◽  
G.B.M. Fiege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Thermal Image ◽  
Short Channel ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Backside Illuminated

Abstract Light emission and heat generation of Si devices have become important in understanding physical phenomena in device degradation and breakdown mechanisms. This paper correlates the photon emission with the temperature distribution of a short channel nMOSFET. Investigations have been carried out to localize and characterize the hot spots using a spectroscopic photon emission microscope and a scanning thermal microscope. Frontside investigations have been carried out and are compared and discussed with backside investigations. A method has been developed to register the backside thermal image with the backside illuminated image.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Magnesia Binder Based on Natural and Technogenic Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
Elvija Namsone ◽  
Genadijs Sahmenko ◽  
Irina Shvetsova ◽  
Aleksandrs Korjakins
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Technogenic Raw Materials ◽  
Caustic Magnesia

Because of low calcination temperature, magnesia binders are attributed as low-CO2 emission materials that can benefit the environment by reducing the energy consumption of building sector. Portland cement in different areas of construction can be replaced by magnesia binder which do not require autoclave treatment for hardening, it has low thermal conductivity and high strength properties. Magnesium-based materials are characterized by decorativeness and ecological compatibility.The experimental part of this research is based on the preparation of magnesia binders by adding raw materials and calcinated products and caustic magnesia. The aim of this study was to obtain low-CO2 emission and eco-friendly material using local dolomite waste materials, comparing physical, mechanical, thermal properties of magnesium binders.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ceramics in Different Colors from Industrial Waste

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Mihail Doynov ◽  
Tsvetan Dimitrov ◽  
Maria Kokkori
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Main Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Pure Oxide ◽  
Thermal And Electrical Properties ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Successive Heating

The synthesis of arsenic-free ceramics from industrial waste is studied. Samples of waste containing siliceous material passed the exploitation leap-guard layer shift reactor whose main oxide is -Al2O3and, with the addition of natural raw materials and pure oxide, arsenic-free ceramics were synthesized with thermal and electrical properties related to the main phase of spinel group minerals; solid solutions were also formed in the process of synthesis. Insulating properties were established by successive heating and cooling of the specimen for six cycles. Electrical insulating properties were established by the method of resistance to arcing. The relative density was determined by hydrostatic method and diffusion lines of molecules at the main phase were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental procedures followed in this study allowed mixing on a molecular level due to the small dimensions of the crystallite which in turn explains the relatively high density.

The stone circles of northeast Scotland in the light of excavation

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (293) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley ◽  
Chris Ball ◽  
Sharon Croft ◽  
Tim Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Massive Component

The stone circles of northeast Scotland (Figure 1) take a most distinctive form. On one level, they are made up of structural elements that are widely distributed in Britain: they are built from raw materials that had been selected for their colour and texture; the monoliths are graded in height towards the southwest and may have been aligned on the moon (Burl 2000). On another level, they have a character all of their own. They are known as ‘recumbent’ stone circles because their most massive component is a large flat block which is bracketed by two tall pillars or ‘flankers’ (Burl 2000: 215–33).

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF EARTH AND STRAW MIXTURES IN MODERN BUILDING

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Hegediš ◽  
Neđo Đurić ◽  
Arpad Čeh ◽  
Golub Karaman ◽  
Danilo Vunjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Energy Consumption Reduction ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Modern Building

Building with earth is widespread and still mostly based on traditional experiences. Increasing demandsin energy consumption reduction during the construction and exploitation of buildings put more andmore in the focus the good features of houses built with earth.Testing of earth mixtures with othernatural materials showed that it can get even a quality of bricks, which indicates the lack of appropriatestandards for this type of construction.Testing are performed with mixes of earth and straw intended forrammed earth and adobe construction.This method of preparation and construction applies in alternate construction with straw bales and it isalso used in the construction of prefabricated panels with wooden frame filled with a mixture earth andstraw where it is possible to build prefabricated structures or as a filling of wall screens in skeletalstructural system of larger dimensions and number of floors.Laboratory tests have shown that the mechanical and thermal properties of this material fulfilled thehigh demands for the construction of modern buildings. Based on the presented results it can proceedthe development and testing of structural elements for that kind of building.Also, based on results, in the article the authors presented possibilities of architectural design ofvarious building possibilities of objects, as practical examples of prefabrication applied in somecountries.

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