Effect of Heterogeneous Carbon Black Distribution on the Properties of Polymer Blends

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
T. G. Lamond ◽  
P. E. Pinter
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Zone Size ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Radial Tire ◽  
Work Support ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Hysteresis Properties

Abstract The results of this work support earlier findings regarding the transfer of carbon black in blends of BR with SBR, NR, and CIIR. Compared to conventionally-mixed compounds, in most cases vulcanizates with a heterogeneous carbon black distribution have superior hysteresis properties, presumably due to the presence of the unloaded layer mitigating the generally observed deleterious effects of carbon black upon these properties. The effect of unloaded SBR or BR layers on stress-strain values is quite small in SBR/BR blends where the zone size of the elastomer phases is small, but significant in SBR/NR and BR/NR where the zone size of the elastomer phases is larger. Superior cut growth resistance is seen for NR/BR and SBR/BR blends containing unloaded BR. The properties of SBR/BR and NR/BR blends in which most of the black is in the BR phase suggest that they may find utility in applications where superior hysteresis properties are required; e.g., in radial-tire sidewalls. Compounds with a heterogeneous carbon black distribution may also find utility in wire and cable applications, due to their superior insulating properties.

A New Type of Precision Tire

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
O. B. Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Radial Tire ◽  
Resonance Effects ◽  
Precision Stage ◽  
New Type ◽  
Degree Of Order

Abstract A process is suggested for improving the rubber-cord composite in a radial tire through precision stage-by-stage molding of its parts. This starts by casting an inner elastomeric envelope of the carcass from a liquid oligomer mix. The full molding technology uses acoustic and resonance effects to optimize the degree of order of the structure and of rubber uniformity. The resultant precision tires should have a higher degree of order of both macro- and microstructure than do present commercial tires. Reduced stress concentration in locations that have high failure rates in commercial tires are considered. A new theory, CSSOT, is used for optimizing tires from results of stress-strain cycles.

Compressive Deformation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Conductive Carbon Black Reinforced Microcellular EPDM Vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Mahapatra ◽  
D.K. Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Conductive Carbon Black

Compressive stress-strain properties of unfilled and conductive carbon black (VulcanXC 72) filled oil extended EPDM (keltan 7341A) microcellular vulcanizates were studied as a function of blowing agent (density) and filler loading. With decrease in density, the compressive stress-strain curves for microcellular vulcanizates behaved differently from those of solid vulcanizates. The compressive stress-strain properties were found to be strain rate dependent. The log-log plots of relative density of the microcellular vulcanizates showed a fairly linear correlation with the relative modulus. The compression set at a constant stress increased with decrease in density. The efficiency of energy absorption E, was also studied as a function of filler and blowing agent loading. From the compressive stress-strain plots the efficiency E and the ideality parameter I, were evaluated. These parameters were plotted against stress to obtain maximum efficiency and the maximum ideality region, which will make these materials suitable for cushioning and packaging applications in electronic devices.

The Mechanism of Reinforcement

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Goldfinger
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Rubber Stock

Abstract In the fundamental study of the influence of reinforcing pigments, particularly carbon black on rubber, one of the great experimental difficulties is to establish the stress-strain properties of that fraction of the rubber stock which is between the pigment particles, and whose deformation, influenced by the presence of the pigment, is the quantity desired. This paper shows that it is not justifiable to assume that the rubber between pigment particles is equivalent in properties to the original gum stock without pigment, because the addition of pigment induces fractionation of the rubber in such a manner as to concentrate preferentially one molecular configuration around the pigment particle, and hence leave the rubber richer in some other configuration in the spaces between pigment particles.

Capillary Rheometry of Carbon-Black-Filled Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Capillary rheometry of carbon-black-filled butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers at 125°C was performed over a wide shear rate range. The data were corrected for pressure loss in the barrel and at the capillary entrance, and for the non-Newtonian velocity profile (Rabinowitsch correction). No appreciable effect of pressure on viscosity was observed. The die swell values were very small, 1.1–1.4. This fact and the shape of the plots of shear stress vs. shear rate imply the presence of a particulate structure, which is probably built by carbon black surrounded with bound rubber. Unlike the behavior of raw amorphous elastomers, the steady-shear viscosity, the dynamic complex viscosity, and the viscosity calculated from tensile stress-strain behavior were significantly different from each other. That is, the capillary flow data indicated an alteration of the structure towards strain softening, and the tensile stress-strain behavior showed strain hardening, indicating retention of the structure up to the yield point. In the dynamic measurement, being conducted at very small strain, the structure is least disturbed. With unfilled elastomers essentially the same deformational mechanism was believed to be responsible in these three measurements, because the results can be expressed by a single master curve.

A Method to Resolve the Properties of Individual Phases in Carbon-Black-Loaded Elastomer Blends

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
R. F. Bauer ◽  
A. H. Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Large Deformation ◽  
Polymer Phase ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Stress Behavior ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Deformation Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract Properties of the individual phases in a 70/30 carbon-black-loaded BR/NR blend could be successfully resolved using large deformation stress-strain modelling. Since the dispersed NR phase of the example had a lower modulus than the continuous BR phase, the interaction between the blend phases could be modelled by a simple parallel coupling arrangement. The stress behavior of each individual carbon-black-loaded polymer phase was then determined with respect to strain using a specially derived stress-strain relationship. The blend components also have to be characterized with respect to state-of-cure by empirically establishing how the parameters in the stress-strain relationship vary with respect to cure. The properties of the phases in the blend are then determined by finding the combination of component parameters which precisely reproduce the stress-strain behavior of the blend. In the demonstration example of this paper, there was evidence of a significant amount of curative migration between phases during the vulcanization process.

The Temperature Dependence of the Interphase Characteristics of Carbon-Black-Filled Polymer Blends of SKD-35 cis-Butadiene Rubber and Low-Density Polyethylene

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
L.V. Baragunova ◽  
T.A. Gubzhev ◽  
A.Z. Kashezhev ◽  
R.B. Tkhakakhov ◽  
B.S. Karamurzov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Large Drop ◽  
Drop Method ◽  
Interphase Tension ◽  
Large Drop Method

The large drop method was used to investigate the interphase tension of polymer blends of synthetic SKD-35 -butadiene rubber and low-density polyethylene filled with nanosized carbon black DG-100 particles at the boundary with glycerin and air in the temperature range 20–120°C.

scholarly journals Conductivity and phase morphology of carbon black-filled immiscible polymer blends under creep: an experimental and theoretical study

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (47) ◽  
pp. 32125-32131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamin Pan ◽  
Xianhu Liu ◽  
Xiaoqiong Hao ◽  
Dirk W. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Phase Morphology ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Immiscible Polymer Blends ◽  
Immiscible Polymer ◽  
Simultaneous Evolution

The simultaneous evolution of conductivity and phase morphology of blend composites was investigated under shear and in the quiescent state.

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