The Zinc Oxide Stability of Latex

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. van Gils
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Zinc Cations ◽  
Sodium Phosphates ◽  
Acidic Components ◽  
Different Origin

Abstract A review of the factors which determine the zinc oxide stability of latex has been given. The work of Lepetit and our own experiments lead to the conclusion that the zinc oxide stability of latex is determined in the first place by substances which promote the solubilization of zinc oxide (minus factors); in the second place by substances which stabilize the colloid against the activity of the complex zinc cations or reduce the activity of these ions (plus factors). It has been generally accepted that the higher the KOH number of a latex, the lower is the zinc oxide stability. Since the KOH number is based primarily on neutralization of the acidic components of the serum only, a general correlation with zinc oxide stability could not be found when latexes of different origin were examined. Intrinsic factors or factors depending on the properties of the latex itself that influence zinc oxide stability are: (1) the dry rubber content of the latex, where high values are accompanied by low zinc oxide stability values and vice versa; (2) the yellow content fraction of latex, which in increasing amounts adds to the stability of the latex; (3) the protein content of the latex which, when degraded either artificially or naturally, reduces the zinc oxide stability. The effect of materials added to latex on zinc oxide stability includes: (1) fatty acid and sulfonic acid soaps, which have only slight influence; (2) Emulphor-O, sequestering agents, and sodium phosphates and silicates, which have a stabilizing effect; (3) ammonium salts and amines, which have a marked destabilizing effect, although triethanolamine hydrochloride is not active. Quebrachitol has a slight destabilizing effect.

Infrared Spectra of Reaction Products of Natural Rubber with Alkylphenol Formaldehyde Resins

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-625
Author(s):  
Yu N. Nikitin ◽  
V. G. Epshtein ◽  
M. A. Polyak
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Chloride Dihydrate ◽  
Unsaturated Rubber ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Recombination Reactions

Abstract Infrared spectroscopic studies were carried out with reaction products of natural rubber with 101K tertiary butylphenol-formaldehyde resin without activators and in the presence of stannous chloride dihydrate and zinc oxide. No reduction was observed in unsaturated rubber content during reaction with resin. Reaction of resin with rubber probably takes place at the α-carbon atom and not at the double bonds. A reduction in the proportion of resin phenol hydroxyl is basically due to its participation in recombination reactions of radicals formed during breakdown of ether bridges of resin. At 150° C activators accelerate decomposition of resin ether bridges, but increase the stability of phenol hydroxyl. In the case of zinc oxide, phenol hydroxyl is sufficiently resistant even at 180° C.

Importance of Acidic Components in Compounding Ammonia-Preserved Latex with Zinc Oxide

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-364
Author(s):  
W. G. Wren
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Controlling Factor ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Caustic Alkali ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acidic Components

Abstract In view of the experimental work described above, it appears that changes in viscosity of zinc oxide-compounded latex are due largely to the presence of ammonium salts of naturally occurring acids. These salts enable zinc to pass into solution, and to be absorbed by the latex globules, thus giving rise to the thickening commonly experienced. The amount of zinc passing into solution is directly proportional to the amount of acid present, and it is therefore suggested that determination of the acids by either of the methods described (viz., titration to pH 11 with caustic alkali, or from pH 7 to the end-point with hydrochloric acid), would form a sound basis for the classification of latices in regard to their behavior on compounding with zinc oxide. The investigations thus indicate that the variability of latex is due, in part at least, to the presence of acidic substances and may, therefore, be controlled by preventing the formation of the acids, or by their removal. Summary.—It is demonstrated that naturally occurring acidic substances control the solubility of zinc oxide in ammonia-preserved latex, and it is concluded that they are probably the controlling factor in determining the increase in viscosity which occurs in latex compounded with zinc oxide. In support of this view, it has been shown that the addition of various types of acid to ammonia-preserved latex markedly increases thickening after mixing with zinc oxide, and that the removal of naturally occurring acids reduces the thickening. It is suggested that titration of the acids in latex by the methods described forms a sound basis for the classification of latices in regard to their behavior on compounding with zinc oxide.

scholarly journals STUDY OF FOAMING ABILITY OF AMINE SOLUTION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Ruslan Faritovich Gibadullin ◽  
Renat Djienbulatovich Salmakhaev ◽  
Tatiana Ivanovna Sasina ◽  
Nadezhda Anatolievna Pivovarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Diesel Fraction ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Amine Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Acidic Components ◽  
Influence Of Impurities ◽  
Different Origin

The increased foaming of diethanolamine solution during the absorption purification of natural gas from acidic components is a whole complex of problems caused by the impurities of different origin in amine solution. The paper focuses on the experimental results of studying the influence of the following impurities on the foaming of the amine solution: corrosion inhibitor, hydrocarbons (diesel fraction), mechanical impurities, decomposition products of diethanolamine in concentrations from the average to the maximum observed in the operation of natural gas desulphurization plants. There has been observed effectiveness of Siloktrim antifoam in respect of amine solution contaminated with various impurities. It has been stated that the greatest foaming caused the presence of decomposition products of diethanolamine, and the smallest - decomposition products of diesel fraction and corrosion inhibitor. The effectiveness of the defoamer is most evident in relation to reducing the height of the foam and not so much evident in relation to stability of the foam. In the case of a solution of diethanolamine contaminated with an inhibitor, the defoamer adversely affects the stability of the foam.

Study on the Viscosity and Dispersion Stability of AA-AMPS Copolymer on Nano Zinc Oxide

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
Yue Long Liu ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Dispersion Stability ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Nano Zinc Oxide ◽  
Nano Zinc

The copolymer of sodium polyacrylic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was prepared by radical polymerization process, the effect of mass ratio of AA/AMPS on the viscosity of AA-AMPS copolymer were investigated. Results showed that when the mole ratio of AA/AMPS was 3:1, it had the least viscosity. The dispersion stability of synthesized AA-AMPS copolymer for nanozinc oxide was tested.

scholarly journals Influence of additives on suspension structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Vesna Savić ◽  
Milica Martinović ◽  
Ivana Nešić ◽  
Jelena Živković ◽  
Ivana Gajić
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Polysorbate 20 ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbomer Gel ◽  
Suspension Structure ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Study Offer ◽  
Measured Hardness

The aim of this study was to compare the stability and texture of three zinc oxide suspensions with different additives. Suspension 1 was made as official magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5% from Formulae magistrales 2008. Suspension 2 was prepared when 1% carbomer gel was added to suspension 1 and suspension 3 was prepared when polysorbate 20 was added to suspension 2. After stability tests, texture analysis was performed on all suspensions. Following parameters were measured: hardness cycle 1, hardness cycle 2, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, resilience and springiness. The study showed that suspension 3 had the lowest value of hardness, and therefore the best spreadability. Also, suspension 3 was the least sticky of all three, since it was characterized with the lowest adhesiveness. Further, suspension 3 was the most cohesive and is predicted to withstand the stress during packing and use longer than others. On the other hand, the highest values of resilience and springiness were detected for suspension 1, while the lowest was related to suspension 2. Therefore, the best textural characteristics were assigned to suspension 3. This result is in accordance with the results of performed stability tests. The results of our study offer insight into potential improvements of the current magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5%.

scholarly journals Study the Effect of Gum Arabic and Triton X-100 on Stability and Thermal Conductivity of ZnO/ethylene glycol Nanofluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Noor Sabeeh Majeed ◽  
Hussein A. Alabdly ◽  
Hussam Nadum Abdalraheem Al Ani ◽  
Dumitru Pascu ◽  
Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Coefficient ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Triton X

Stability of nanofluids is one of the most important factors to ensure the most benefit of the properties of nanoparticles. Zinc oxide was used in the research with concentration between (0.2-1) wt. % with ethylene glycol base fluid. The stability of ZnO nanofluid was enhanced by adding two types of surfactants Tx-100 and Gum Arabic with concentration of (0.1-0.5) vol. % to stabilize the ZnO nanoparticles in the base fluid. The results showed that the Gum Arabic surfactant led to more stable fluid than that of Tx-100; this was shown from zeta potential and UV spectroscopy measurements. The thermal conductivity coefficient was also measured, and the results showed that the thermal conductivity increased with adding surfactant than without using a stabilizer.

Enhancing the stability and water resistance of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals by using tetrafluoride and zinc oxide as protective capsules

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (23) ◽  
pp. 9739-9747
Author(s):  
Pengjie Song ◽  
Bo Qiao ◽  
Dandan Song ◽  
Jingyue Cao ◽  
Zhaohui Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Perovskite Nanocrystals ◽  
The Stability

Stability of Ammoniated Latex and Soap-Stabilized Emulsions in the Presence of Complex Zinc Salts

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-263
Author(s):  
T. S. McRoberts
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Zinc Salts ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Oil Particles

Abstract The solubility of zinc oxide in solutions of ammonia and different ammonium salts has been determined. The interaction between ammonium laurate and zinc ammine (or ethylene diammine) salts has been studied in aqueous solution, in latex, and in oil emulsions. The results indicate that destabilization of ammoniated latex or soap-stabilized emulsions by dissolved zinc oxide is due to the presence of zinc diammine ions, which form insoluble dilaurates. It is suggested that the increased rate of destabilization at elevated temperatures is most probably due to a decrease in hydration of the zinc diammine dilaurate formed at the surface of the rubber or oil particles.

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