Carbon Black and Fullerenes: New Discoveries in Early Formation Mechanisms and Nucleation

2000 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pontier Johnson ◽  
R. W. Locke ◽  
J. B. Donnet ◽  
T. K. Wang ◽  
C. C. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
Buckminster Fullerene ◽  
Secondary Ion

Abstract Recent studies on the formation of carbon black have resulted in the previously unreported finding of buckminster-fullerene, C60, in trace quantities in the toluene extractable materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) experiments indicate the molecule may be functioning as a nucleation site in the formation of primary particles of carbon black. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided the surface chemical analysis of conventional and experimental carbon blacks. The toluene extracts represented the precursor compounds present in the gaseous phase at the time of quench. The extracts were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectroscopy (MS) and elemental composition. The data, taken as a whole, have led to a more clear understanding of the competitive chemical pathways occurring during the inception and nucleation of a primary particle of carbon black. Direct observation of nucleation sites and types are possible with HRTEM analysis.

Characterization of columns grown during KrF laser micromachining of Al2O3–TiC ceramics

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Oliveira ◽  
R. Vilar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Column Formation ◽  
Krf Laser

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of column formation mechanisms in Al2O3–TiC ceramics micromachined using excimer lasers. Chemical and structural characterization of columns grown in Al2O3–TiC composite processed with 200 KrF laser pulses at 10 J/cm2 was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. Fully developed columns consist of a core of unprocessed material surrounded by an outer layer of Al2TiO5, formed in oxidizing conditions, and an inner layer, formed in reducing conditions, composed of TiC and Al3Ti or an AlTi solid solution. Possible mechanisms of column formation are discussed.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Behavior in Heavily Phosphorus-Doped Silicon Surfaces due to Annealing. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy.

Shinku ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Biao YING ◽  
Yusuke MIZOKAWA ◽  
Yoshitomo KAMIURA ◽  
Yong Bing YU ◽  
Masafumi NISHIMATSU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Doped Silicon ◽  
Phosphorus Doped ◽  
Secondary Ion

Activation of persulfate by heterogeneous catalyst ZnCo2O4–RGO for efficient degradation of bisphenol A

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 771-778
Author(s):  
Xin Chang ◽  
Xiangyang Xu ◽  
Zhifeng Gao ◽  
Yingrui Tao ◽  
Yixuan Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
One Step ◽  
Application Potential

A nanocomposite, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) modified ZnCo2O4 (ZnCo2O4–RGO) was synthesized via one-step solvothermal method for activating persulfate (PS) to degrade bisphenol A (BPA). The morphology and structure of the nanocomposite were identified by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. RGO provides nucleation sites for ZnCo2O4 to grow and inhibits the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The influence of different reaction conditions on the oxidation of BPA catalyzed by ZnCo2O4–RGO was investigated, including the content of RGO, the dosage of catalyst, the concentration of humic acid (HA), anions in the environment, the reaction temperature, and pH. BPA can be totally degraded within 20 min under optimized reaction conditions. The presence of HA, Cl−, and NO3− only has a slight effect on the oxidation of BPA, whereas the presence of either H2PO4− or HCO3− can greatly inhibit the reaction. ZnCo2O4–RGO shows good cycling stability and practical application potential. A reaction mechanism of the degradation of BPA was also explored.

The Sodium Loss and Transport through the Walls of the Ceramic Discharge Tube of High Pressure Sodium Lamps

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 1363-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriett Lovas ◽  
Vargane Katalin Josépovits ◽  
Zoltán Tóth ◽  
János Madarász
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Glass Surface ◽  
Oxide Ceramic ◽  
Internal Wall ◽  
Dissociative Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Secondary Ion

In this work we present the investigations on the blackening of the outer jacket of the High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps. For this purpose ceramic arc tubes and their glass outer jackets taken from lamps burned for different times (0h-10000h) were examined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) in order to determine the composition of the deposit on the internal wall of glass outer jacket. In the case of the several thousand hours burned lamps the outer bulb was found to be covered by aluminium, which comes to a black deposit on the glass surface. XPS identified Al on the glass surface can be found in two different chemical state (elemental Al, Al2O3). The assumed evaporation of aluminium-oxide ceramic tube might be described by a dissociative mechanism of the alumina evaporation. This papers described the possible mechanism of the alumina evaporation. Na was also found in the black deposit, whose cause of this in the case of the several thousand hours burned lamps is probably related to the sodium transport through the walls of the arc tube

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