scholarly journals USE OF BRAZILIAN CLAYS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM IONS PRESENT IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (11) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Alexandre Andrade CERQUEIRA ◽  
Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Chromium Nitrate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anion Effect ◽  
Chromium Ions ◽  
Synthetic Clay

This study aimed to evaluate the ability to remove an ion Cr (III) in synthetic wastewater using a Brazilian clay. We evaluated the influence of the concentration of cation and anion effect on the ability of removal of chromium ions in effluent inorganic synthetic clay for montmorillonite (F-II) Fulmont provided by the industry. The clay was characterized by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The tests were performed by removal of two different methods: in batch reactor and filtration in a column of clay. Tests were conducted at different pH `s (2-10), the mass of clay and solution of chromium nitrate (III) used in each test was 2g and 25 ml respectively. The efficiency of removal was determined by atomic absorption analysis of the supernatants. Preliminary results showed the efficiency of removal of chromium ions by the Brazilian clay. It was observed that the concentration of the solution, the experimental procedure and the presence of anions influenced the process of exchange, with the best results when used dilute solutions in the presence of nitrate ion and technology in filtration column resulting in removal of up to 100% of chromium (III).

Preparation of Magnetically Modified Zeolites and the Application of Metal Ions Adsorption

2011 ◽  
Vol 299-300 ◽  
pp. 764-769
Author(s):  
Ming Liang Yuan ◽  
Liang Yu ◽  
Jia Hua Tao ◽  
Cong Song
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magnetic Process ◽  
Coprecipitation Process

Natural zeolites combined with the magnetic iron oxides are prepared by a chemical coprecipitation process. A detailed characterization of our magnetically modified zeolite (MMZ) is given, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results reveal that in comparison with Na-zeolite, the structure of MMZ has no obvious change but its surface area increases from 25.13 m2g-1to 100.90 m2g-1. The adsorption properties of MMZ to Pb2+and Cu2+were studied. The results show that the maximum loading capacities for Pb2+and Cu2+in the initial concentration range are 123.74 and 14.633 mg g-1, respectively. The MMZ can be used as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents or municipal waters, and the saturated adsorbent is separated from the medium by a simple magnetic process.

scholarly journals The structure of concentrated aqueous solutions of chromium nitrate and cerium chloride studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Isabel Cabaço ◽  
M.I. de Barros Marques ◽  
A.M. Gaspar ◽  
M. Alves Marques ◽  
M. Margarida Costa
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Cerium Chloride ◽  
Chromium Nitrate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
X Ray

X-ray Investigations of Liquid Bismuth-Copper Alloys

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nomssi Nzali ◽  
W. Hoyer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Alloys ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Reverse Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Square Well ◽  
Total Structure

Liquid copper, bismuth, and eleven bismuth-copper alloys were investigated at temperatures above the liquidus with X-ray diffraction. The experimental procedure was adjusted to reduce the effects of evaporation. The Faber-Ziman total structure factors S(Q) feature a splitting of the first maximum and negative values for Q around 1 Å -1 in a large concentration range. The results are compared to previous neutron diffraction results by Zaiss and Steeb, to square-well potential model calculations by Gopala Rao and Satpathy and to a simple segregation model. The segregation model reproduces the features qualitatively. Partial structure factors are assessed by fitting both neutron and X-ray scattering results with reverse Monte-Carlo simulation

On the problem of overlapping ω scans measured on thin films deposited on monocrystal substrates

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Machajdík ◽  
A. Pevala ◽  
A. Rosová ◽  
K. Fröhlich ◽  
J. Šouc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Full Width ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Resolution Function ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crystallographic Planes

CeO2thin films deposited on sapphire monocrystal substrates were used for an experimental study of the nature of extremely narrow overlapped maxima on X-ray diffraction ω scans. Full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of such maxima typically reached the resolution function of the diffractometer. A comparative study of the influence of various diffractometer set-ups on the spectral characteristics of the X-ray beam in relation to the above-mentioned phenomenon was carried out. A surrounding (λmin− λmax) or (2θmin− 2θmax) of the strong substrate reflection was obtained, where a substrate contribution to an ω scan measured on thin-film reflection can be expected. Two possible origins of the narrow maxima are discussed: (a) a contribution of a part of the X-ray beam having λ ≠ λKαthat diffracts on a set of substrate crystallographic planes parallel to the thin-film crystallographic planes used for the ω-scan measurement; and (b) the presence in part of the thin film of a perfect monocrystal-like quality with practically no mosaicity. The principles of this approach and experimental procedure are reported, and on this basis it is possible to distinguish between the two possible origins of the narrow overlapped maxima. It is shown that under appropriate conditions, an extremely high quality CeO2thin film can be grown. The FWHM value of its ω scan can reach the value of diffractometer instrumental broadening obtained for a perfect monocrystal.

Feasibility Study of the Properties of Clay Chocobofe Removal of Lead in Synthetic Wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
José Vanderley do Nascimento Silva ◽  
Guilherme Costa de Oliveira ◽  
Meiry Gláucia Freire Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
X Ray

As minimization process control pollution by heavy metals, adsorption can play an important environmental role. Therefore, many adsorbents can be used as effective alternatives. This work presents a study that aims to evaluate the removal of lead in liquid effluent through adsorption process using a finite bath system and with the adsorbent clay Chocobofe. The clay in its natural form was characterized by the techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Chemical Analysis by X-Ray Spectrometry by Energy Dispersive (EDX), moreover, the natural clay was subjected to test adsorption capacity to analyze the behavior the same in certain organic solvents. Was performed to assess the effectiveness of the natural clay in the process of removal of Pb2+ present in solutions based on a factorial design 23 + 3 replicates at the central point, with the analysis variables solution pH (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) and the initial concentration of lead (10, 30 and 50 ppm). The studies showed this material as promising in the removal of Pb2+ ions in synthetic wastewater and that the adsorption capacity showed that the organic solvents tested.

scholarly journals The Production of Green Diesel Rich Pentadecane (C15) from Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Waste Cooking Oil using Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 and Ni/SiO2-ZrO2

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Momodou Salieu Sowe ◽  
Arda Rista Lestari ◽  
Eka Novitasari ◽  
Masruri Masruri ◽  
Siti Mariyah Ulfa
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fuel Processing ◽  
Green Diesel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Isotherm Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is applied in fuel processing technology to convert bio-oils to green diesel with metal-based catalysts. The major challenges to this process are feedstock, catalyst preparation, and the production of oxygen-free diesel fuel. In this study, we aimed to synthesize Ni catalysts supported on silica-zirconia and alumina-zirconia binary oxides and evaluated their catalytic activity for waste cooking oil (WCO) hydrodeoxygenation to green diesel. Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 and Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 were synthesized by wet-impregnation and hydrodeoxygenation of WCO was done using a modified batch reactor. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and N2 isotherm adsorption-desorption analysis. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed the formation of hydrocarbon framework n-C15 generated from the use of Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 with the selectivity of 68.97% after a 2 h reaction. Prolonged reaction into 4 h, decreased the selectivity to 58.69%. Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 catalyst at 2 h showed selectivity of 55.39% to n-C15. Conversely, it was observed that the reaction for 4 h increased selectivity to 65.13%. Overall, Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 and Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 catalysts produced oxygen-free green diesel range (n-C14-C18) enriched with n-C15 hydrocarbon. Reaction time influenced the selectivity to n-C15 hydrocarbon. Both catalysts showed promising hydrodeoxygenation activity via the hydrodecarboxylation pathway. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Valorization of snail shell (Helixaspersa) from Tangier-Tetouan region (north of Morocco): an application to eliminate methylene blue

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Ghizlane Erradi ◽  
Farida El yousfi ◽  
Mostafa Stitou
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Snail Shell ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Effective Removal

Removal of industrial waste becomes increasingly critical for environmental protection. This study aims to search for effective and less expensive adsorbents in order to remove methylene blue (MB) commonly used in many industrial sectors. To this end, we experiment Helix aspersa snail shell as a biosorbent for the removal of MB. The raw snail shells were cleaned, smashed, and characterized afterwards using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and by X-ray diffraction. Different parameters were tested in order to identify the optimal conditions for the effective removal of MB. Our experimental results showed that, within the first ten minutes, a remarkable elimination of methylene blue dye reaching a percentage of 82%, with the following optimal conditions; 3.5 g of the adsorbent, initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, the temperature of 15 °C, and agitation of 250 rpm. This study showed that the use of snail shell waste has inevitably a positive impact on the protection of the environment, in particular, the purification of industrial effluents.

New five-circle κ diffractometer for reference-beam diffraction studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pringle ◽  
Qun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Reference Beam ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Device ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Beam Diffraction ◽  
Lysozyme Crystal

A compact five-circle κ-geometry diffractometer has been designed and implemented at CHESS for automated reference-beam X-ray diffraction (RBD) experiments. The details of the diffractometer design are presented, along with its geometry calculations, and its alignment and control algorithm. An outline of the overall RBD experimental procedure has been developed based on this κ diffractometer. Measured RBD interference profiles from a lysozyme crystal demonstrate that efficient triplet-phase data collection is possible using this new device in a modified crystallography oscillation setup.

scholarly journals Single-shot full strain tensor determination with microbeam X-ray Laue diffraction and a two-dimensional energy-dispersive detector

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abboud ◽  
C. Kirchlechner ◽  
J. Keckes ◽  
T. Conka Nurdan ◽  
S. Send ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laue Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The full strain and stress tensor determination in a triaxially stressed single crystal using X-ray diffraction requires a series of lattice spacing measurements at different crystal orientations. This can be achieved using a tunable X-ray source. This article reports on a novel experimental procedure for single-shot full strain tensor determination using polychromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy range from 5 to 23 keV. Microbeam X-ray Laue diffraction patterns were collected from a copper micro-bending beam along the central axis (centroid of the cross section). Taking advantage of a two-dimensional energy-dispersive X-ray detector (pnCCD), the position and energy of the collected Laue spots were measured for multiple positions on the sample, allowing the measurement of variations in the local microstructure. At the same time, both the deviatoric and hydrostatic components of the elastic strain and stress tensors were calculated.

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