scholarly journals Appraisal of Chromium Contents from Different Tanneries and Drains of Sialkot

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Amin Riaz ◽  
Abid Zia
Keyword(s):  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Tanning Industry

The tanning industry is the major chromium consuming industry. Tanning industries are present throughout Pakistan, but their presence is more concentrated in small industrial city Sialkot. The samples of wastewater were collected from different tanneries and Nullah Aik which are situated in Sialkot and analyzed for the measurement of pollution level. The effluents sample demonstrated high values of temperature (32-42°C), pH (5.1-10.9), biological oxygen demand (335-5818 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (740-14546 mg/L), total solids (2265-19314 mg/L), total dissolved solids (1313-17467 mg/L), hexavalent chromium (1.8-9.8 mg/L), and total chromium (3.75-16.7 mg/L). The total chromium analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and hexavalent chromium determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer with DCP. The study focused on the level of pollution in tannery wastewater to estimate the impairment caused by them.    

scholarly journals DECOLOURIZATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES AND DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sandhiya ◽  
K. Sumaiya Begum ◽  
D. Charumathi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dyeing Wastewater ◽  
Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽  
Dissolved Solids

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of the present study were a) to isolate and screen bacteria for dye removal from synthetic solution b) to optimize various variables such as pH, static/shaking and initial dye concentration on degradation of triphenyl methane dyes namely basic violet 3 and basic green 4 by isolated <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> c) to analyse enzymes involved in the biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes d) to treat real leather dyeing wastewater with newly isolated strain of <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>e) to characterize untreated and treated leather dyeing wastewater f) to study the effects of real and treated effluent on plants and <em>Rhizobium</em>.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Isolation of bacteria from sludge was carried out by spread plate method and the bacteria was identified by morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolated bacterium was screened for dye decolorization potential of triphenylmethane dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 The effects of parameters were studied by varying pH (from 3 to 9), temperature (from 15-45 °C), and initial dye concentration (from 10-500 mg/l). The enzyme involved in biodegradation was studied in intracellular extract. Real leather dyeing wastewater was treated with the bacteria and characterized. The treated wastewater was tested on plants and <em>Rhizobium </em>for toxicity. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dye decolorization potential of bacteria <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> isolated from wastewater for leather dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 were evaluated. Dye decolorization using bacteria was found to be dependent on physicochemical parameters (shaking, pH and initial dye concentration). Enzymes NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to play dominant role during biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Application oriented studies using growing bacteria in pure cultures were carried out with leather dyeing wastewater collected from DKS prime tanners. Analysis of raw leather dyeing wastewater showed high pollution load in terms of color, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand whereas the leather dyeing wastewater treated with pure culture of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed considerable decrease in Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand values which were within the permissible limits. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of treated leather dyeing wastewater. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study proved that <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> can serve as a potential remediation agent for the treatment of leather dyeing wastewater.</p>

scholarly journals Cladoceran abundance in relation to water quality parameters of Chakki Talab, Bodhan, Telangana

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasudha Lingampally ◽  
V.R. Solanki ◽  
D. L. Anuradha ◽  
Sabita Raja
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
One Year

In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate water quality and related density of Cladocerans for a period of one year, October 2015 to September 2016. Water quality parameters such as temperature, PH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, phosphates, and nitrates are presented here to relate with the abundance of Cladocerans. The Cladoceran abundance reflects the eutrophic nature of the Chakki talab.

scholarly journals Uji Coba Proses Daur Ulang Limbah Cair ATC (Alkali Treated Cottonii) Dengan Teknik Koagulasi dan Filtrasi

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu ◽  
Jamal Basmal ◽  
Diini Fithriani
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Industri pengolahan alkali treated cottonii (ATC) menghasilkan limbah cair yang sangat besar. Pendaur ulangan limbah cair akan mengefisienkan penggunaan air untuk pengolahan sekaligus mengurangi masalah pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk itu dilakukan ujicoba proses daur ulang limbah cair ATC menggunakan alat yang dirancang oleh Balai Besar Riset Pengolahan Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan yang berkapasitas 360 liter/jam. Pengolahan limbah cair dilakukan dengan teknik koagulasi dan filtrasi. Proses koagulasi dilakukan dengan penambahan bahan koagulan tawas (Al 2(SO4)3 ) dan flokulan blok di dalam tangki koagulasi, sedangkan filtrasi dilakukan dengan melewatkan limbah melalui kolom zeolit‑arang aktif dan filter selulosa asetat. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap limbah cair dan air hasil olahan yang meliputi total padatan terlarut (Total Dissolved Solids/TDS), total padatan anorganik terlarut (Total Inorganic Dissolved Solids/TIDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, kekeruhan, bau, dan warna limbah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengolahan limbah cair ATC dapat menurunkan jumlah TDS, TIDS dan BOD hingga 56,60%, 32,29%, dan 60,66%, meskipun kemampuan alat filtrasi menggunakan kolom zeolit‑arang aktif menurun seiring dengan banyaknya proses daur ulang yang dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan juga bahwa proses daur ulang limbah cair ATC mampu menurunkan nilai pH, kekeruhan, bau, dan warna limbah. Dengan pengolahan tersebut limbah cair dapat didaur ulang hingga 5 kali untuk proses pengolahan ATC berikutnya.

Survey of the Water Quality of the Bahar County Streams (Iran) by NSFWQI

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Abbas Ghaffari Habib ◽  
Seyed Hadi Khatami
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
The Mean

In Bahar County (Iran), rivers are among the important sources of water for the agricultural sector. Therefore, this research evaluated the parameters of temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, total phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and fecal coliform at five stations for five months (from February 2015 to June 2015) to determine water quality in the rivers. Based on this evaluation, the NSFWQI index was calculated and, finally, the routes of the rivers were zoned. The best water quality was recorded at Station Number 3 with the NSFWQI Value of 80 in January, and the worst at Station Number 5 (latgah) with the NSFWQI Value of 37 in June. Based on the mean NSFWQI indices, water quality was Medium at Stations Number 1, 2, and 4, good at Station Number 3, and bad at Station number 5.

Fecal and Coliform Levels as Indicative Factors in Deterioration of the Water Quality of

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
EUKENE OPORTO BENSIG ◽  
MARY JOYCE L. FLORES ◽  
FLEURDELIZ F. MAGLANGIT
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Ecology ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
The Difference

The use of surface waters such as rivers for domestic, agricultural andindustrial purposes have made them vulnerable to pollution leading to impairedwater quality. The water quality of Lahug River in Cebu City was evaluated usingcoliforms as indicators, in relation with physicochemical parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate,pH, phosphate, salinity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and totalsuspended solids (TSS). Sampling was done once a month from November 2011to April 2012 in three stations covering the upstream, midstream and downstream.The multiple tube fermentation technique was used for the analysis of coliforms.The level of these indicator bacteria increased from the upstream towards thelower reaches of the river especially in the months of February to April; however,the difference in values across time was not significant. This implies that therewas a continuous fecal pollution in the river. There were no statistically significantcorrelations between FCs and TCs with the physicochemical parameters. Anegative relationship was observed among FCs and TCs with pH, TSS, DOand nitrate (p>0.05). These results suggest the presence of sewage and organicpollutants in the river.Keywords: Aquatic Ecology, water quality, coliform, physicochemical parameters,experimental design, Philippines

scholarly journals Evaluation of physicochemical parameters in wastewater from Muhammad Ayuba dam in Kazaure, Jigawa state, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-488
Author(s):  
S.O. Oladeji
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters namely alkalinity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), hardness, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the wastewater samples collected from Muhammad Ayuba dam in Kazaure, Nigeria. The study was conducted during harmattan season for a period of three months from November, 2019 – January, 2020. All the parameters were analysed using conventional methods. The results showed their concentrations were in the range of 1.00 – 1.50 mg/L for alkalinity, 3.00 – 3.45 mg/L for BOD, 12.45 – 24.00 mg/L for COD, 745 – 1200 µS/cm for conductivity, 5.50 – 6.30 mg/L for DO, 1.82 – 2.45 mg/L for hardness, 7.20 – 7.90 for pH and 410 – 440 mg/L for TDS. The concentrations of these parameters in the wastewater were observed less than World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance limits with exception of electrical conductivity that was above 1000 µS/cm after four weeks of investigation. This study revealed gradual build-up of various ions in the dam water due to the mixing of contaminated wastewater from the adjacent community. Therefore, the periodical monitoring of different physicochemical parameters of the dam water should put in place as to evaluate their environmental impacts and possible potential risks.

Integrated enzymatic and chemical treatment for single-stage preparation of cotton fabrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (19-20) ◽  
pp. 3937-3948
Author(s):  
S Udhayamarthandan ◽  
J Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Step Process

Starch sized 100% cotton woven fabrics need desizing, scouring and bleaching treatments prior to coloration and finishing. Traditionally, alpha-amylase-based enzymatic desizing and combined scouring and bleaching with an alkali, surfactant and H2O2 are used. Constant research is conducted on combining the desizing, scouring and bleaching processes into a single step by many researchers. This paper aims at combining enzymatic desizing and alkaline H2O2 scouring cum bleaching with a surfactant and stabilizer. The treatment resulted in efficient desizing, scouring and bleaching, leading to excellent size removal, absorbency, seed/mote removal and whiteness index levels, and comparable tensile and tear strength levels to that of the two-step process. The dyeability aspects were comparable in terms of surface color strength ( K/ S), color difference ( ΔE) and fastness ratings. Around 50–75% savings in water, energy, power, time and effluent generation were reported. The chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, pH and turbidity values of the resulting effluent were found to be remarkably lower. The technology was also tested industrially and found to be successful.

scholarly journals Removal of pollutants by mycelium colonized sawdust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osayomwanbo Osarenotor ◽  
Helen M. K. Essandoh ◽  
Isoken Tito Aighewic
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract Slaughterhouses generate wastewater daily and often discharge it to the environment. Many lack wastewater treatment systems, due to such systems' typically high cost and technological demands. In this study slaughterhouse wastewater was filtered through columns of mycelium – Pleurotus ostreatus – grown on sawdust substrates of different particle sizes. The columns' pollutant removal efficiencies were evaluated for color, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The best color (75%), BOD (88%) and total nitrogen (86%) removal efficiencies were recorded with 2.36 mm particle size and 9 cm depth. Electrical conductivity removal efficiency was best with 2.36 mm particle size but 3 cm bed depth. The study showed that particle size has a significant effect on physiochemical pollutant removal by mycelium-colonized sawdust systems.

Surface Water Quality Assessment and Prediction Modelling of Kathajodi River

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Sipra Mallick ◽  
F Baliarsingh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
The Neural Network

Water quality index (WQI), a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to access quality and ensure sustainable safe use of water for drinking. The main objective of the present study is to access the surface water quality of Kathajodi river for knowing the suitability of drinking purpose by calculating the WQI. Samples were collected from selected locations during different seasons (winter, summer, rainy) over a period of 3 years (2011, 2012, 2013). Water quality assessment was carried out for the parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, Alkalinity, Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Dissolved Oxygen(DO), Chloride, Nitrate, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium. The main objective is to develop a model to assess and predict the water quality changes of Kathajodi River Basin Odisha, India using neural networks and compared with the statistical methods. The result shows the proposed ANN prediction model has a great potential to simulate and predict the strongly correlated parameters like TSS (Total Suspended Solids), TDS(Total Dissolved Solids), Alkalinity, BOD(Biological Oxygen Demand)with Mean Square Error (MSE) : TSSMSE = 1.78 ; TDSMSE = 0; AlkalinityMSE = 3.77 and BODMSE = 8E-03.The Neural Network model has been compared with Linear Regression model to find out the best modelling approach for the study area. And it is concluded that the neural network model is superior to Linear Regression Model.

scholarly journals Biological Treatment of Dairy Wastewater using Bio Enzyme from Citrus Fruit Peels

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-295
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dairy Wastewater

Wastewater is directly discharged into the ground or other water sources; it causes soil pollution and it affects the nature of the soil. Hence it is necessary to treat the wastewater before discharging. The objective is to treat the dairy wastewater using Bio Enzyme. Bio Enzyme is produced by the fermentation process of citric fruit peels, water, and jaggery. To reduce the time of the fermentation process, yeast is added into the Bio Enzyme. Then the parameters like Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Solids(TS), Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Total Suspended Solids(TSS), pH, Alkalinity, Chlorides and Oil & Grease present in Dairy wastewater after the treatment using Bio Enzyme in different percentages (2%,4%&6%) were found. Then from the results the efficient percentage of Bio Enzyme for treating the Diary Wastewater was found.

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