scholarly journals History of Banking in Sudan (Conventional and Islamic): A Critical Review (1903-2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Omer Allagabo Omer Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Approaches

This paper critically reviews the developmental stages of banking (Conventional and Islamic) in Sudan throughout the last 115 years (1903-2019). Historical and descriptive-analytical approaches were used. Historical data collected from the annual reports of The Central Bank of Sudan and relevant studies were used to describe and compare stages during that period. The results indicated that political instability and ideology changes of the state (e.g., Colonialism, independence and democracy, socialism and Islamic) systems played a significant role in the formation of stages of development of Sudan’s banking systems (e.g., conventional, Islamic, dual system). Moreover, the implementation of the Islamic Sharia Law in 1983 was the original basis for the augmentation of the Islamization of the country’s banking system, particularly as it pertained to the prohibition of charging interest. Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA: 2005-2010), the conventional banking (interest rate) in Southern Sudan was restored, whereas the Islamic approach continued in the north. Notwithstanding, all banks were managed by one central bank in the north namely The Central Bank of Sudan. The study highlights the relationship between factors affecting political stability and the growth of stability and the banking system.

scholarly journals Dynamic Divide Migration as a Response to Asymmetric Uplift: An Example from the Zhongtiao Shan, North China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4188
Author(s):  
Qi Su ◽  
Xianyan Wang ◽  
Huayu Lu ◽  
Hong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Topographic Slope ◽  
Eastern Segment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uplift And Erosion ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Shanxi Graben System

Previous numerical–analytical approaches have suggested that the main range divide prefers to migrate towards the high uplift flank in the asymmetric tectonic uplift pattern. However, natural examples recording these processes and further verifying the numerical simulations results, are still lacking. In this study, the landscape features, and the probable drainage evolution history of the Zhongtiao Shan, a roughly west-east trending, half-horst block on the southernmost tip of the Shanxi Graben System, were investigated through the geomorphic analyses (i.e., slope and steepness distributions, and the Gilbert and χ metrics). The topographic slope and steepness results indicate that the Zhongtiao Shan, controlled by the north Zhongtiao Shan normal fault, experiences asymmetric uplift and erosion patterns, with higher uplift and erosion on the north range. In addition, the Gilbert and χ metrics suggest that the western part of the main divide is currently stable, while the eastern divide is moving southward. According to the drainage divide stability criteria, we suggest that the uplift and erosion, on the fault side, balance each other well on the western part of the range, while on the eastern part, the uplift is outpaced by the erosion. In addition, a dynamic divide migration model in the asymmetric uplift condition is proposed, indicating that the interaction between uplift and erosion controls the migration and/or stability of the main divide. Deducing through this dynamic model, we suggested that the eastern segment of the north Zhongtiaoshan Fault must have experienced higher activities in the geological history, and the western fault may remain its activity along with the mountain relief generation. This gives a case that specific information on asymmetric neotectonic history and landscape evolution in an orogenic mountain can be uncovered by the proposed dynamic model.

Population density and ‘slave raiding’—The case of the middle belt of Nigeria

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mason
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
North And South ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate into the lands of the diverse non-Muslim peoples of the Middle Belt area is a familiar theme in the nineteenth-century history of the Central Sudan. As the Middle Belt is known to have an overall lower population density than adjoining areas to the north and south, the explanation has been proposed that this was due to slave raiding by Muslim states. A study of the history of this area does not support this overall view, even though it might be accepted with reference to limited areas. areas. It can be shown, moreover that in certain localities populations were actually enhanced as a result of the consolidation of Muslim power, while others, currently of extremely low density, were completely unaffected. If the factors affecting population in this area are to be understood, reference to over-simplified causes such as slave raiding must be shunned. Geographical and biological factors influencing population growth may be more fertile areas of enquiry.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN SYRIA AFTER A DECADE OF UNREST

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Omar Farouk Al Mashhour ◽  
Muhammad Imam Asalie ◽  
Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz ◽  
Nor Azlina Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Banking Systems ◽  
Comprehensive View

After a decade of crippling international sanctions and devastating conflict, the Syrian economy has been largely in shambles. Nevertheless, the Syrian banking industry has largely weathered the storm. This article attempts to illustrate a comprehensive view of the banking sector in Syria and how well has one of the oldest banking systems in the middle east fared over the years and how has it survived the seemingly insurmountable challenges. Additionally, The article targets to show the role of the central bank of Syria in supervising the banking industry as well as a view on the recent development of the legal and financial orientation. The researchers have faced issues related to the absence of information due to its limits on what the central bank is publishing. Also, it is found that lack of English annual reports and missing reports for some years, will lower the chances of attracting investors. The article suggested a set of recommendations that may elevate the condition of the Syrian banking system by issuing a new law enforcement division to track down any unlawful activities.

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

Sequencing Analysis and Phylogenetic Tree of HPV Isolated from Breast Cancer Patients at Thi-Qar Province/Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
The North ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
History Of

Genetic variety examination has demonstrated fundamental to the understanding of the epidemiological and developmental history of Papillomavirus (HPV), for the development of accurate diagnostic tests and for efficient vaccine design. The HPV nucleotide diversity has been investigated widely among high-risk HPV types. To make the nucleotide sequence of HPV and do the virus database in Thi-Qar province, and compare sequences of our isolates with previously described isolates from around the world and then draw its phylogenetic tree, this study done. A total of 6 breast formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) of the female patients were included in the study, divided as 4 FFPE malignant tumor and 2 FFPE of benign tumor. The PCR technique was implemented to detect the presence of HPV in breast tissue, and the real-time PCR used to determinant HPV genotypes, then determined a complete nucleotide sequence of HPV of L1 capsid gene, and draw its phylogenetic tree. The nucleotide sequencing finding detects a number of substitution mutation (SNPs) in (L1) gene, which have not been designated before, were identified once in this study population, and revealed that the HPV16 strains have the evolutionary relationship with the South African race, while, the HPV33 and HPV6 showing the evolutionary association with the North American and East Asian race, respectively.

North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Matt Sheedy
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Association ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

I interviewed Russell McCutcheon back in March 2015, about his new role as president of the North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR), asking him about the history of the organization, goals for his tenure, and developments for NAASR’s upcoming conference in Atlanta in November 2015.

Recasting Bourgeois Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Maier ◽  
Charles S. Maier
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
European History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Economic Stabilization

The author, one of the most prominent contemporary scholars of European history, published this, his first book, in 1975. Based on extensive archival research, the book examines how European societies progressed from a moment of social vulnerability to one of political and economic stabilization. Arguing that a common trajectory calls for a multi country analysis, the book provides a comparative history of three European nations—France, Germany, and Italy—and argues that they did not simply return to a prewar status quo, but achieved a new balance of state authority and interest group representation. While most previous accounts presented the decade as a prelude to the Depression and dictatorships, the author suggests that the stabilization of the 1920s, vulnerable as it was, foreshadowed the more enduring political stability achieved after World War II. The immense and ambitious scope of this book, its ability to follow diverse histories in detail, and its effort to explain stabilization—and not just revolution or breakdown—have made it a classic of European history.

Arah Kebijakan Pengawasan terhadap Perbankan Syariah dalam Sistem Perbankan Nasional di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Andrew Shandy Utama
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Independent Direction ◽  
National Banking System

This research aims to explain the direction of policy regarding supervision of Islamic banking in the banking system in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research using the statutory approach. The results of this research explain that the policy regarding supervision of Islamic banking in the national banking system in Indonesia is headed toward an independent direction. In Law Number 7 of 1992 and Law Number 10 of 1998, it is stated that supervision of Islamic banking is done by Bank Indonesia as the central bank. Based on Law Number 21 of 2008, supervision of Islamic banking is strengthened by not only being supervised by Bank Indonesia, but also by the National Sharia Council of the Majelis Ulama Indonesia by placing Sharia Supervisory Councils in each Islamic bank. After the ratification of Law Number 21 of 2011, supervision of Islamic banking moved from Bank Indonesia to an independent institution called the Financial Services Authority.

Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic)

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Lukáš Laibl ◽  
Oldřich Fatka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrandian Area ◽  
Early Developmental

This contribution briefly summarizes the history of research, modes of preservation and stratigraphic distribution of 51 trilobite and five agnostid taxa from the Barrandian area, for which the early developmental stages have been described.

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