scholarly journals Diversity and Distribution of Lepidopteran Butterflies in Kota District, Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Gupta ◽  
◽  
Dr. Anupama Jain
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Habitat Ecology ◽  
Applied Ecology ◽  
Agriculture Land ◽  
Index Of Diversity

Understanding the standing point of biodiversity is an integral part of studying habitat ecology in the arena of the applied ecology and conservation biology. Considering this, a study was conducted to understand the biodiversity of the single species, i.e. Lepidoptera in four different sites of Kota district. Four distinct habitat fragmentation sites, Chambal Garden, Ganesh Udhyan, Industrial Area and agriculture land were selected to understand the diversity and distribution of lepidopteran butterfly. As this group of butterfly is considered as “umbrella taxa”, detailed study of its assemblages could be directly correlated with the changes in microclimates in the selected regions. Therefore, diversity of the Lepidoptera was calculated by Simpson’s index of diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index. Among these four areas, Chambal Garden and Ganesh Udhyan are dominated with the Lepidoptera whereas, decline in abundance could be observed remaining two areas. This study indicated a rich and diverse butterfly habitat in the selected survey area, which could be served a s a future referral for measuring and monitoring biological diversity.

Introduction: Why ecologists and conservation biologists use remote sensing

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Horning ◽  
Julie A. Robinson ◽  
Eleanor J. Sterling ◽  
Woody Turner ◽  
Sacha Spector
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter addresses a question that we hope occurs to many ecologists and conservation biologists: How can remotely sensed data and methods support the conservation of biological diversity? We highlight the contributions remote sensing technologies make toward advancing our understanding of Earth and its varied biomes. You can use this information for applications ranging from researching habitat use by species to making decisions on how best to manage a protected area. The chapter starts off with an overview of the motivation behind this book and a description of the intended audience. We present a broad array of applications of remote sensing technologies in the field of conservation biology and conclude with a brief summary of the remaining chapters of this book. Our overarching goal in publishing this book is to increase awareness about, and use of, remotely sensed data and methods in conservation biology and ecology. The objective of this book is to make remote sensing tools accessible so that ecologists and conservation biologists can assess the tools they need, have enough information to recognize effective uses and abuses of remote sensing, and know when to try to use the tools themselves versus when to solicit help from others. The broadest definition of remote sensing refers to measuring a particular quality (such as the intensity of light reflected) of a feature without being in physical contact with the feature itself. The magnitude of objects observed can range from the microscopic to the astronomic. In this book, however, we will limit our definition of remote sensing to measurements acquired from either airborne or orbiting platforms, with the features of interest located on or just above the surface of the Earth. Furthermore, we will focus primarily on remotely sensed data recorded in an image format since these are the data most commonly used in biodiversity conservation applications. Conservation biology has grown from local and regional studies of single species into a discipline concerned with the complex interactions of species and their environment at global, regional, and local scales as well as across scales.

Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Model System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Management Priorities ◽  
Conservation And Management

ABSTRACT The fundamental charge of conservation biology is to preserve biological diversity. Yet, efforts to accomplish this goal have focused too narrowly on reversing the slide toward extinction in already threatened or endangered species. In this review, we argue that conservation biologists and fisheries managers should broaden their vision to include efforts to preserve the ecological and evolutionary processes that ultimately give rise to new biodiversity. Our view is based upon the simple observation that biological diversity is a function of both the rate at which new taxa originate as well as the rate at which established taxa are lost to extinction. Efforts to stem extinction that fail to maintain the ecological and evolutionary processes of speciation are ultimately unsustainable. We suggest that common, widespread species are particularly important to the origin of new diversity and argue that conservation biologists should pay particular attention to the evolution of diversity within such species. We illustrate several key points to this argument using the desert minnow, Utah chub <em>Gila atraria</em>, as a model system. In particular, we show that conservation efforts in common species must focus on clearly delineating conservation unit boundaries and that particular care should be paid to unique ecological and evolutionary diversity within such species.We also show the importance of understanding and conserving the range of ecological and evolutionary interactions that are common hallmarks of abundant and widespread taxa.We conclude our review by suggesting several specific areas of future research in Utah chub that would help more clearly define conservation and management priorities in this species.

How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity? A controversial question at the core of conservation biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 271-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham J. Miller-Rushing ◽  
Richard B. Primack ◽  
Vincent Devictor ◽  
Richard T. Corlett ◽  
Graeme S. Cumming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
The Core

scholarly journals Identifying cryptic diversity with predictive phylogeography

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1841) ◽  
pp. 20161529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahí Espíndola ◽  
Megan Ruffley ◽  
Megan L. Smith ◽  
Bryan C. Carstens ◽  
David C. Tank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Cryptic Diversity ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Organismal Biology ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ecosystem Level

Identifying units of biological diversity is a major goal of organismal biology. An increasing literature has focused on the importance of cryptic diversity, defined as the presence of deeply diverged lineages within a single species. While most discoveries of cryptic lineages proceed on a taxon-by-taxon basis, rapid assessments of biodiversity are needed to inform conservation policy and decision-making. Here, we introduce a predictive framework for phylogeography that allows rapidly identifying cryptic diversity. Our approach proceeds by collecting environmental, taxonomic and genetic data from codistributed taxa with known phylogeographic histories. We define these taxa as a reference set, and categorize them as either harbouring or lacking cryptic diversity. We then build a random forest classifier that allows us to predict which other taxa endemic to the same biome are likely to contain cryptic diversity. We apply this framework to data from two sets of disjunct ecosystems known to harbour taxa with cryptic diversity: the mesic temperate forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America and the arid lands of Southwestern North America. The predictive approach presented here is accurate, with prediction accuracies placed between 65% and 98.79% depending of the ecosystem. This seems to indicate that our method can be successfully used to address ecosystem-level questions about cryptic diversity. Further, our application for the prediction of the cryptic/non-cryptic nature of unknown species is easily applicable and provides results that agree with recent discoveries from those systems. Our results demonstrate that the transition of phylogeography from a descriptive to a predictive discipline is possible and effective.

The merging of taxonomy and conservation biology: a synthesis of Australian butterfly systematics (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) for the 21st century

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2707 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL F. BRABY
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Systematic Research

Taxonomy is a major scientific discipline that underpins the preservation of biological diversity, but the discipline of taxonomy itself has, until recently, remained somewhat disconnected from conservation biology. Checklists summarise available taxonomic and systematic knowledge and in part provide a framework to optimise efforts and scarce resources for biodiversity conservation. Butterflies have been identified as a key bioindicator group of invertebrates for monitoring, assessing environmental change and for biodiversity conservation. A revised checklist of the butterflies (Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae and Papilionoidea: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae) of Australia is presented, incorporating recent changes to both the higher and lower systematic levels of classification based on review of the literature, mandatory changes of specific epithets to achieve gender agreement, together with recommended common names. A total of 1,134 available species group names are listed, of which 423 are junior synonyms. Currently, 596 valid lower taxa (i.e. species and subspecies) are recognised in the fauna. Of the valid species, 430 are recorded from Australia, of which 404 occur on the mainland and Tasmania and 26 are restricted to remote oceanic islands. Gender changes affect 40 species/subspecies group names, of which 27 are valid taxa and 13 are junior synonyms. Comments are made on the size and composition of the fauna, taxonomic impediment, species concepts and utility of subspecies. Modelling the rate of species accumulation based on taxonomic research effort over the past 100 years using a generalized logistic function suggests that about 91% of the Australian butterfly fauna has been catalogued so far. A detailed review of known problems concerning the taxonomy among the lower systematic levels (i.e. genera, species and subspecies) is presented as candidates for future systematic research. Although Australian butterflies are relatively well-known taxonomically, it is estimated that there are approximately 40 species yet to be formally recorded/recognised and more than 60 problems at the lower systematic levels in which the nomenclature, taxonomic status of species/subspecies or monophyly of genera need to be resolved.

The Wog Wog Habitat Fragmentation Experiment

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Margules
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Drainage Line ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Line Sample

An experiment to study the effects of habitat fragmentation on biological diversity was commenced in an Eucalyptus forest, in February 1985, at Wog Wog in southeastern New South Wales, Australia. The two hypotheses which are being tested are (1) that habitat fragmentation reduces biological diversity, and (2) that the reduction in diversity is fragment-size dependent.The experimental design consists of three fragment-sizes replicated six times. The sizes are 0.25 ha, 0.875 ha, and 3.062 ha, the two larger ones being progressively c. 3.5 times the size of the smaller ones. Four replicates (12 fragments) were retained as Eucalyptus forest when the surrounding land was cleared for a softwood (Pinus radiata) plantation. Two replicates (six fragments) are controls in an adjacent State Forest.The sampling is stratified into slopes, drainage lines, and inner and outer zones, with samples replicated twice in each stratum. Thus, there are two outer slope and two outer drainage-line sample sites, and two inner slope and two inner drainage-line sample sites. This gives 144 permanent sample sites within the Eucalyptus forest.Following the experimental treatment, a further 44 permanent sample sites were established between the fragments. Aranae, Phalangida, Formicidae, Scorpionidae, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, and vascular plants, are the main groups of organisms involved in the experiment. Mosses and liverworts, breeding birds, small ground-mammals, skinks, and bats, are also being monitored.Monitoring commenced in February 1985. The experimental treatment, i.e. forest fragmentation, took place during 1987. Two years after the treatment there were still no experimental results, because of the inherent delays in sorting and identifying the arthropods, and in establishing and managing the very large database involved. However, the analysis of some pre-treatment data is used to assess the experimental design. This analysis demonstrates the importance of adequate replication in ecological field experiments.

Landscape ecology and conservation: moving from description to application

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Patch Dynamics ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Metapopulation Dynamics ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Effective Conservation ◽  
Conservation Of Biodiversity

The focus of conservation biology has been predominantly the study of single species, and conservation management and legislation has been directed mostly at the species level. Increasingly, however, there has been a recognition that ecosystems and landscapes need to be considered, since they form the physical and biotic context within which species exist. Increased emphasis on the landscape scale suggests that the emerging discipline of landscape ecology might have much to offer conservation biology. Landscape ecology is still a young science with no well-defined theoretical framework and little rigorous quantitative methodology. It aims to study patterns, processes and changes at the scale of hectares to square kilometers. Its focus on the pattern and dynamics of ecosystems or patches within a landscape offers much which is of relevance to conservation biology. Topics such as disturbance, patch dynamics, metapopulation dynamics, landscape flows, connectivity and fragmentation all have relevance to the conservation of biodiversity in natural, altered and rapidly changing systems. The papers in this issue provide a cross section of Australian research into landscape ecology which is of relevance to conservation biology. Methodological, theoretical and practical aspects are covered. I suggest that effective conservation of biodiversity will be achieved only if the landscape context is taken into account.

scholarly journals Differential relationships between habitat fragmentation and within-population genetic diversity of three forest-dwelling birds

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Zuckerberg ◽  
Matt Carling ◽  
Roi Dor ◽  
Elise Ferree ◽  
Garth Spellman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
Fragmented Landscapes ◽  
Population Genetic Diversity

Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of environmental change affecting wildlife populations across multiple levels of biological diversity. Much of the recent research in landscape genetics has focused on quantifying the influence of fragmentation on genetic variation among populations, but questions remain as to how habitat loss and configuration influences within-population genetic diversity. Habitat loss and fragmentation might lead to decreases in genetic diversity within populations, which might have implications for population persistence over multiple generations. We used genetic data collected from populations of three species occupying forested landscapes across a broad geographic region: Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli; 22 populations), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis; 13 populations) and Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea; 19 populations) to quantify patterns of haplotype and nucleotide diversity across a range of forest fragmentation. We predicted that fragmentation effects on genetic diversity would vary depending on dispersal capabilities and habitat specificity of the species. Forest aggregation and the variability in forest patch area were the two strongest landscape predictors of genetic diversity. We found higher haplotype diversity in populations of P. gambeli and S. carolinensis inhabiting landscapes characterized by lower levels of forest fragmentation. Conversely, S. pygmaea demonstrated the opposite pattern of higher genetic diversity in fragmented landscapes. For two of the three species, we found support for the prediction that highly fragmented landscapes sustain genetically less diverse populations. We suggest, however, that future studies should focus on species of varying life-history traits inhabiting independent landscapes to better understand how habitat fragmentation influences within-population genetic diversity.

FORUM: THE ARBOREAL SUPERHIGHWAY: ARTHROPODS AND LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville N. Winchester
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Habitat Features

AbstractSpecies richness of arthropods in northern temperate coastal rain forests far exceeds previous estimates, and the functional significance that these species play in ecosytem processes remains largely unknown. Examination of several species, many of which are not yet described, indicates that these intact ancient rain forests are structurally complex and act as reservoirs for biological diversity. Forest harvesting and resulting fragmentation affects arthropod diversity by altering key patterns of natural processes which are inseparably linked to habitat diversity. Consequences for arthropods may vary but those species which are endemic or inseparably linked to habitat features found only in these forests are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation-induced changes. Several important questions arise. What are the implications of forest fragmentation on ecological processes? What role does dispersal play in arthropod population viability? Given the immense biodiversity of arthropods, what are the functional roles that the species play in these forests and how are these changed when forests are harvested? The lack of empirical evidence makes it difficult to answer these questions and to quantify the functional roles of arthropods in these ecosystems.To address these questions, I suggest that studies should not rely on single-species approaches and the measurement of diversity (i.e. species richness and abundance) but should focus on addressing the functional roles of forest arthropods. To move beyond the basic description of pattern I suggest that studies concentrate on describing species assemblages while including dynamic processes such as dispersal into the framework of how we think about arthropods in ancient forests. The use of feeding guilds in the development of predictive models may give us an understanding of these factors and provide information that could be used to examine functional patterns in community structure.

Key questions in applied ecology and conservation: a study and revision guide

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Applied Ecology ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Key Questions

Abstract This book contains 11 chapters focusing on the history and foundations of applied ecology and conservation, environmental pollution and perturbations, wildlife and conservation biology, restoration biology and habitat management, agriculture, forestry and fisheries management, pest, weed and disease management, urban ecology and waste management, global environmental change, environmental and wildlife law and policy and environmental assessment, monitoring and modeling.

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