Challenges in Estuarine and Coastal Science

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Coastal Conservation ◽  
Marine Management ◽  
Coastal Squeeze ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Tidal Freshwaters ◽  
Estuarine Coastal

Estuarine and coastal waters are acknowledged centres for anthropogenic impacts. Superimposed on the complex natural interactions between land, rivers and sea are the myriad consequences of human activity – a spectrum ranging from locally polluting effluents to some of the severest consequences of global climate change. For practitioners, academics and students in the field of coastal science and policy, this book examines and exemplifies current and future challenges: from upper estuaries to open coasts and adjacent seas; from tropical to temperate latitudes; from Europe to Australia. This authoritative volume marks the 50th anniversary of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, and contains a prologue by founding member Professor Richard Barnes and a short history of the Association. Individual chapters then address coastal erosion and deposition; open shores to estuaries and deltas; marine plastics; coastal squeeze and habitat loss; tidal freshwaters – saline incursion and estuarine squeeze; restoration management using remote data collection; carbon storage; species distribution and non-natives; shorebirds; Modelling environmental change; physical processes such as sediments and modelling; sea level rise and estuarine tidal dynamics; estuaries as fish nurseries; policy versus reality in coastal conservation; developments in Estuarine, coastal and marine management.

scholarly journals Error Estimation of Pathfinder Version 5.3 Level-3C SST Using Extended Triple Collocation Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Korak Saha ◽  
Prasanjit Dash ◽  
Xuepeng Zhao ◽  
Huai-min Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Satellite Sst ◽  
Error Characterization ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Ocean Forecasting ◽  
Mutually Independent

Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is an essential climate variable (ECV) for monitoring the state and detecting changes in the climate. The concept of ECVs, developed by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), has been broadly adopted in worldwide science and policy circles Besides being a climate change indicator, the global SST field is an essential input for atmospheric models, air-sea exchange studies, understanding marine ecosystems, operational weather, and ocean forecasting, military and defense operations, tourism, and fisheries research. It is, therefore, critical to understand the errors associated with SST measurements from both in situ measurements and satellite observations. The customary way of validating a satellite SST is to compare it with in situ measured SSTs. This method, however, will have inaccuracies due to uncertainties involving both types of measurements. A triple collocation (TC) error analysis can be implemented on three mutually independent error-prone measurements to estimate the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of each measurement. In this study, the error characterization for the Pathfinder SST version 5.3 (PF53) dataset is performed using an extended TC (ETC) method and reported to be in the range of 0.31 to 0.37 K. These values are reasonable, as is evident from corresponding very high (~0.98) unbiased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values.

scholarly journals Climate Change And Migration: Law and Policy Perspectives in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Mahmud NASER
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Straightforward Solution ◽  
And Migration

AbstractGlobal climate change and consequent potential migration pose a number of challenges and are becoming increasingly important policy issues for Bangladesh. Therefore, policy responses need to deal with diverse issues, including sustainable development (SD), adaptation to climate change, and humanitarian assistance, to address the future challenges posed by climate change and consequent human displacement. There is no simple and straightforward solution to the challenges posed by climate-induced migration, and a “one-size-fits-all” approach will not effectively resolve the complex nature, and patterns, of population displacement. Rather than any single approach, a multifarious, comprehensive, proactive, and coherent policy approach is imperative for managing climate-induced migration in an orderly and humane manner. Based on the available data regarding the environment, climate change, and migration, this paper suggests a range of policy tools and approaches. It also sets out a road map showing how policy interventions could contribute to better integrating the full spectrum of migration issues and concerns into an overall environmental and developmental policy, and vice versa, within Bangladesh.

Natural and technology-related risks of environmental management in the coastal eco-socio-economic systems of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-383
Author(s):  
Georgii G. GOGOBERIDZE ◽  
Mikhail B. SHILIN ◽  
Ekaterina A. RUMYANTSEVA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Coastal System ◽  
The Russian Federation

Subject. This article analyzes the risks of natural and man-made origin induced in environmental management in the coastal system of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the face of global climate change and ever-increasing anthropogenic impacts. Objectives. The article aims to classify the risks of Arctic coastal nature management, and determine their sources and factors of origin. Results. The article presents a phased system of risk structuring as a process of causing harm that is likely to be implemented. It identifies classification criteria and specific forms of structural elements of risk, and conducts an expert assessment of these relationships. Relevance. The results obtained help identify key elements of various scenarios of risk occurrence in the Russian Arctic coastal nature management, including the risk of cascading disasters.

scholarly journals Development and testing of scenarios for implementing Holocene LULC in Earth System Model Experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy P. Harrison ◽  
Marie-José Gaillard ◽  
Benjamin D. Stocker ◽  
Marc Vander Linden ◽  
Kees Klein Goldewijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
System Model ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. Anthropogenic changes in land use and land cover (LULC) during the pre-industrial Holocene could have affected regional and global climate. Current LULC scenarios are based on relatively simple assumptions and highly uncertain estimates of population changes through time. Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions have the potential to refine these assumptions and estimates. The Past Global Changes (PAGES) LandCover6k initiative is working towards improved reconstructions of LULC globally. In this paper, we document the types of archaeological data that are being collated and how they will be used to improve LULC reconstructions. Given the large methodological uncertainties involved, we propose methods to evaluate the revised scenarios by using independent pollen-based reconstructions of land cover and of climate. A further test involves carbon-cycle simulations to determine whether the LULC reconstructions are consistent with constraints provided by ice-core records of CO2 evolution and modern-day LULC. Finally, we outline a protocol for using the improved LULC reconstructions in palaeoclimate simulations within the framework of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project in order to quantify the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts on climate through time and ultimately to improve the realism of Holocene climate simulations.

Genocide in Rwanda: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges to the UN Human Rights System

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-213
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractIn light of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the new challenges of our time, beginning with the end of the Cold War, the recent spread of democracy, and explosion of ethnic and religious turmoil around the world, we need to reexamine critically the complex web of UN human rights machinery. This paper does so by using the 1994 genocide in Rwanda as a case study. It contrasts the violent reality of the genocide with how the UN human rights system reacted. This analysis reveals that many early warning signals emanate from the UN human rights system but that they often go unheard due to the lack of any formal procedures and mechanisms for early warning and for rapid responses. This paper therefore argues for the need to develop and adopt a coherent system for early warning and, finally, seeks to identify some creative ways to strengthen the role of the various human rights bodies in reacting to massive scale human rights violations.

scholarly journals On a Reef Far, Far Away: Anthropogenic Impacts Following Extreme Storms Affect Sponge Health and Bacterial Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Shore ◽  
Jordan A. Sims ◽  
Michael Grimes ◽  
Lauren I. Howe-Kerr ◽  
Carsten G. B. Grupstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Severe Storms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Offshore Reef

Terrestrial runoff can negatively impact marine ecosystems through stressors including excess nutrients, freshwater, sediments, and contaminants. Severe storms, which are increasing with global climate change, generate massive inputs of runoff over short timescales (hours to days); such runoff impacted offshore reefs in the northwest Gulf of Mexico (NW GoM) following severe storms in 2016 and 2017. Several weeks after coastal flooding from these events, NW GoM reef corals, sponges, and other benthic invertebrates ∼185 km offshore experienced mortality (2016 only) and/or sub-lethal stress (both years). To assess the impact of storm-derived runoff on reef filter feeders, we characterized the bacterial communities of two sponges, Agelas clathrodes and Xestospongia muta, from offshore reefs during periods of sub-lethal stress and no stress over a three-year period (2016—2018). Sponge-associated and seawater-associated bacterial communities were altered during both flood years. Additionally, we found evidence of wastewater contamination (based on 16S rRNA gene libraries and quantitative PCR) in offshore sponge samples, but not in seawater samples, following these flood years. Signs of wastewater contamination were absent during the no-flood year. We show that flood events from severe storms have the capacity to reach offshore reef ecosystems and impact resident benthic organisms. Such impacts are most readily detected if baseline data on organismal physiology and associated microbiome composition are available. This highlights the need for molecular and microbial time series of benthic organisms in near- and offshore reef ecosystems, and the continued mitigation of stormwater runoff and climate change impacts.

Managing Climate Change

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Climate Change Negotiations ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
High Level

A number of international, high-level science and policy meetings have been influential in the ongoing global climate change negotiations. One of these landmark meetings was Greenhouse 2009, where those involved in research, policy and communication of various aspects of climate change provided the latest assessments of the science and likely impacts on Australia and the world. Managing Climate Change provides an important snapshot of the issues presented at the Greenhouse 2009 conference. The book gives a summary of the state of climate change science, approaches to handling the impacts and adaptation measures we are likely to face, and how to communicate the issue in order to generate better decision making and behavioural change towards sustainability. It features the latest Australian research and includes chapters on emerging fields such as the need to include behavioural and social patterns to address climate change, as well as adaptation measures for agriculture, energy use and infrastructure that may be required. The announcements, ideas and discussions at the Greenhouse 2009 conference continue to make an important contribution to addressing and tackling climate change.

Impact of climate change on groundwater : a global assessment with the CNRM climate models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Costantini ◽  
Bertrand Decharme ◽  
Jeanne Colin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Shallow Aquifers ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

<p>Groundwaters found in aquifers play an important role in the hydrological cycle and are essential for human activities and for natural ecosystems. They account for approximately one third of the human fresh water withdrawals and sustain ecosystems by supplying soil moisture during dry periods. Climate change will impact every components of the climate system and aquifers are no exception. Precipitation is the main driver of groundwater recharge and relatively shallow aquifers respond rather quickly to changes in the precipitation rates. Thus, climate change should have an impact on water table depths and could lead to water scarcity and food insecurity in some regions. Therefore, knowing the response of the aquifers to climate change is important to improve the development of mitigation and adaptation plans in water management. </p><p>Here, the response of unconfined shallow aquifers to climate change is assessed at the global scale using the global climate model developed in our institute (CNRM) : CNRM-CM6 and CNRM-ESM2. We analyse simulations conducted for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) following four pathways of greenhouse gas concentrations until 2100. The CNRM models are the only global climate models representing the physicals processes involving aquifers. Results show that aquifers should replenish at the global scale on average, which is consistent with the projected global intensification of precipitation. However, the evolution of water table depths is not uniform and presents large regional disparities. Additionally to climate change, anthropogenic impacts like intensive groundwater withdrawals for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes should exacerbate the depletion in some aquifers basins. In order to identify these regions, the evolution of the water table depths is compared with the population density. This analysis highlights the widening risk of water stress in some already aquifer-dependant regions.</p>

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