Podpułkownik doktor medycyny Konstanty Świder (1908–1965), zasłużony psychiatra Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Stanisław Ilnicki
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Military Physician

This is the first of three papers published in this issue of the Lekarz Wojskowy (Military Physician) magazine dedicated to an outstanding military physician, Lt. Col. Konstanty Świder MD, PhD, forgotten in Poland. The paper presents his lineage, school years and studies, at the Physician Department of the Warsaw University and at the Medical Cadets School in Warsaw. The beginning of Świder’s career as a professional military physician in Poland, his fate after the outbreak of the WWII in September 1939 – time he spent in Soviet captivity, his military service in the Anders’ Army in the Soviet Union, in the Middle East, and during the Italian Campaign, and his contribution to building a psychiatric support system for soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces in the West are described. The last part of the paper describes the course of Dr. Konstanty Świder’s professional stabilization as an immigrant in the USA and his activity in the Polish diaspora in Chicago up to his premature death in 1965. Moreover, examples of Dr. Świder’s literary work and information on the status and professional activity of his children in the USA are presented.

scholarly journals Professor Ivan Diomidovich Kudrin (100th birth anniversary)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Vladislav V. Yusupov ◽  
Vyacheslav P. Ganapolsky ◽  
Boris V. Ovchinnikov ◽  
Tatyana V. Sambukova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Successful Work ◽  
Russian Military

This article highlights the stages of professional activity of the outstanding Russian military scientist-physiologist, Ivan Diomidovich Kudrin, in the course of solving scientific problems of habitability and medical and psychological support in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Ivan Diomidovich headed the leading scientific division, which is a scientific and methodological center in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armed Forces on habitability and professional selection problems. Thanks to the experimental and practical activities of the unit led by him and his direct participation, concepts of habitability factor rationalization and medical and psychological support of personnel at various stages of military service were theoretically, experimentally, and practically justified as separate complex areas of military preventive medicine and psychology. Under the leadership of Ivan Diomidovich, normative and technical documents were developed to regulate the implementation of military improvement and professional performance in the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. The ideo logy of habitability and medical and psychological support created by I.D. Kudrin and his scientific school formed the basis for todays successful work of two scientific research center departments.

Cold War consumption and the marketing of childhood in the Soviet Union and the United States, 1950-1960

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
The Cold War

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the relationship between childhood, consumption and the Cold War in 1950s America and the Soviet Union. The author argues that Soviet and American leaders, businessmen, and politicians worked hard to convince parents that buying things for their children offered the easiest way to raise good American and Soviet kids and to do their part in waging the economic battles of the Cold War. The author explores how consumption became a Cold War battleground in the late 1950s and suggests that the history of childhood and Cold War consumption alters the way we understand the conflict itself. Design/Methodology/Approach – Archival research in the USA and the Russian Federation along with close readings of Soviet and American advertisements offer sources for understanding the global discourse of consumption in the 1950s and 1960s. Findings – Leaders, advertisers, and propagandists in the Soviet Union and the USA used the same images in the same ways to sell the ethos of consumption to their populations. They did this to sell the Cold War, to bolster the status quo, and to make profits. Originality/Value – This paper offers a previously unexplored, transnational perspective on the role that consumption and the image of the child played in shaping the Cold War both domestically and abroad.

History and Memory of Female Military Service in the Age of World Wars

2020 ◽  
pp. 469-497
Author(s):  
Karen Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Front ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
War Powers ◽  
The Soviet Union

During the First and Second World Wars, women’s wartime service became increasingly important for the functioning of the home front and battlefront in Britain, Germany, Russia, the United States, and other war-powers. Hundreds of thousands of women served in the militaries of the belligerents during World War II. Scholars estimate that the percentage of women in the Allied armed forces reached up to 2–3 percent. The number of women in military service in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was especially high, but only in the latter were they officially enlisted as soldiers. Despite their numbers and importance, until recently, mainstream historiography and public memory have largely ignored women’s military service. This chapter takes a closer, comparative look at women’s wartime service in the Age of the World Wars in history and memory and explains the paradox that while it was increasingly needed, it has long been downplayed and overlooked in public perception and memory in all war powers and across the ideological divide of the Cold War.

scholarly journals The Modernization of Poland Defense Forces to Respond Russia Military Presence in Kaliningrad Oblast (2014-2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita ◽  
Widya Dwi Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Kaliningrad Oblast ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Military

The geopolitical security condition of Eastern Europe has undergone a drastic shift from Communist to Democratic ideology. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Poland immediately joined the Western alliance, which led to the massive structural changes of the country. The shift has had an enormous impact on Russia where it has made various confrontations to regain its influence in the region. Russia continues to increase tensions by increasing the military capabilities of Kaliningrad Oblast, which is directly bordered by Poland. In response, the Polish government made efforts to modernize its military as part of the Defense White Book 2013 to improve its military capabilities in response to Russian military presence in Kaliningrad Oblast. The role of the global players (EU, NATO, and the USA) is key important to the security stability of the region. Poland on its four pillars specifically calls the alliance with the USA and becomes a member of NATO as an important factor in the formulation of its defense policy, in which Poland could increase the capabilities of its Armed Forces.

Russian military patriotic education: a control tool against the arbitrariness of veterans

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Sieca-Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military

The military had been concerned about military patriotic education for a long time when Putin's Patriotic Education Programme was published. As soon as the collapse of the Soviet Union occurred, followed a few years later by the creation of the Russian armed forces, they had already been developing patriotic education programmes aimed primarily at youth, aided by veterans of local wars, both volunteers and recruits. The aim of this article is to show that the military version of patriotic education aims openly to encourage military service, and that the Russian state will try to enlist veterans of the Afghanistan and Chechen wars in activities linked to military patriotic education and its spread in military and civilian spheres. Our hypothesis is that the determination to bring veterans together around a common project has two aims: (1) to federate veterans around the authorities and (2) to channel a population that escapes government control and some of whose excesses on their return to civilian life (violence towards the population in the context of their function, for veterans of the Interior Ministry in particular) have darkened the image of the ministries known as the “power” ministries.

scholarly journals The Jews in Finland and World War II

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Tapani Harviainen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Winter War

In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.

PROBLEMS OF FINANCING OF THE USSR MISSILE PRODUCTION BRANCH ON THE EVE OF THE CARIBBEAN CRISIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 311-325
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Budanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
New Production ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Production Capacities

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems of financing of the USSR of rocket production branch on the eve of the Caribbean Crisis. At the present stage it is necessary to consider possible negative consequences of development of defensive technologies not to repeat past mistakes and to avoid social and economic crises. Materials and Methods. To study the problem the author of the article uses the published declassified documents and for introduced for scientific use the first time. The methodological basis of this study is the theory of modernization, because it has essential informative and cognitive explanatory potential when studying history of Russia of the middle of the 20th century. The analysis of a problem on the basis of declassified data and theories has allowed to introduce the new facts into scientific circulation and to draw a number of valid conclusions. Results. In the late 1950th – the beginning of the 1960th bases of nuclear missile forces have been created in the Soviet Union. Existence of the advanced military technologies became one of the reasons of world recognition of the Soviet Union in the status of the great power. Strengthening of military power and arms race have led to financial and social problems. First of all, process has involved serious costs for development of military-industrial production and creation of the serving equipment. The financial costs were increased because of this situation. On the eve of the Caribbean Crisis the Soviet army has bought rocketry for 6 billion rubles. It is necessary to increase these costs approximately twice as for production of rocketry required to build new production capacities and starting objects. Discussion and Conclusions. In fact, the absence of private investors and producers forced at first to spend funds for creation of the production capacities making ballistic missiles, and then for purchasing of the products made by them. In this case the defect of the Soviet economic system at which the state has been forced to pay for missiles twice appeared. All costs were carried out at the expense of the state and society. The high cost of implementation of the Soviet rocket project has led to sharp deterioration in a social and economic situation in the country. For minimization of negative consequences it was necessary to reform the system of planning and management of rocket production, to organize the competition between the design organizations and also to refuse production of many samples of rocketry to concentrate financial reserves on creation of the most perspective systems. Nevertheless, valuable considerable expenses and efforts in the country the board which has allowed to strengthen defense capability of the Soviet Union has been created nuclear missile. During the Caribbean Crisis the governance of the USA has realized impossibility of a victory over the USSR in nuclear war. It has forced them to refuse aggressive foreign policy concerning the Soviet block that has led to discharge of international tension.

The Status of Doctors

1967 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lord Snow
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
General Practitioner ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Professional Relationship ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa

Lord Snow compares the status of doctors with that of engineers, and considers the status of both professions in Great Britain, the USA and the Soviet Union. He makes a plea for a more liberal education, and feels that doctors should play a larger part in advising Government. He proceeds to consider the special role of the general practitioner, which should embrace a personal as well as a professional relationship.

Condition of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Time of Coming to Authority N. S. Khrushchev

2020 ◽  
pp. 245-265
Author(s):  
Арсен Артурович Григорян
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Apostolic Church

Цель данной статьи - описать условия, в которых Армянская Апостольская Церковь вступила в эпоху правления Н. С. Хрущёва, начавшуюся в 1953 г. По содержанию статью можно поделить на две части: в первой даются сведения о количестве приходов на территории Советского Союза и за его пределами, а также о составе армянского духовенства в СССР; во второй излагаются проблемы, существовавшие внутри Армянской Церкви, и рассматриваются их причины. Методы исследования - описание и анализ. Ценность исследования заключается в использовании ранее неопубликованных документов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Национального архива Армении. По итогам изучения фактического материала выделяются основные проблемы Армянской Апостольской Церкви на 1953 г.: финансовый дефицит, конфликт армянских католикосатов и стремление враждующих СССР и США использовать церковь в своих политических целях. The purpose of this article is to describe the conditions in which the Armenian Apostolic Church entered the epoch of the reign of N. S. Khrushchev, which began in 1953. The article can be divided into two parts: first one gives information about the number of parishes in the territory of the Soviet Union and beyond, and about the structure of the Armenian clergy in the USSR; the second one sets out the problems that existed in the Armenian Church and discusses their causes. Research methods - description and analysis. The value of the study lies in the use of previously unpublished documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the National Archive of Armenia. Based on the results of studying the materials, the main problems of the Armenian Apostolic Church in 1953 are: financial deficit, the conflict of Armenian Catholicosates and the eagerness of USSR and the USA, that feuded with each other, to use the Сhurch for their political purposes.

The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Defence

The armed forces of Europe have undergone a dramatic transformation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces provides the first comprehensive analysis of national security and defence policies, strategies, doctrines, capabilities, and military operations, as well as the alliances and partnerships of European armed forces in response to the security challenges Europe has faced since the end of the cold war. A truly cross-European comparison of the evolution of national defence policies and armed forces remains a notable blind spot in the existing literature. This Handbook aims to fill this gap with fifty-one contributions on European defence and international security from around the world. The six parts focus on: country-based assessments of the evolution of the national defence policies of Europe’s major, medium, and lesser powers since the end of the cold war; the alliances and security partnerships developed by European states to cooperate in the provision of national security; the security challenges faced by European states and their armed forces, ranging from interstate through intra-state and transnational; the national security strategies and doctrines developed in response to these challenges; the military capabilities, and the underlying defence and technological industrial base, brought to bear to support national strategies and doctrines; and, finally, the national or multilateral military operations by European armed forces. The contributions to The Handbook collectively demonstrate the fruitfulness of giving analytical precedence back to the comparative study of national defence policies and armed forces across Europe.

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