scholarly journals Ecopharmacovigilance: Perspectives, concepts, applications, and relationships in modern context

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Prachi Khamkar ◽  
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra ◽  
Atul Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste ◽  
Target Individual ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pharmaceutical Contamination ◽  
Modern Context

Introduction: Environmental scientists have made great strides to regulate pharmaceutical waste. However, the monitoring of emerging environmental problems induced by drugs should attract the further interest of pharmacy and pharmacovigilance scientists. Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) as a kind of pharmacovigilance for the atmosphere is widely recognized as essential to minimize the environmental impact of pharmaceutical toxins. Methods: In efforts to answer the environmental issues created by medications, the constructive involvement of the pharmaceutical sector is essential. On a prioritized basis, EPV can target individual pharmaceuticals. For EPV deployment targeting pharmaceutical contamination, certain advice and management practice solutions are recommended. On administration certain drugs are metabolized throughout the bloodstream, being inert or becoming converted to metabolites, whereas others are excreted in the urine or liver and excreted in the sewage. The substances that are released into drainage can be processed into a number of chemicals by a sewage treatment process. Results: The involvement of different drugs and their components have been found in the marine world, with the aquatic environment being the most researched to date. Nanostructure materials have been around for a long time, and their interactions with biological processes have been discussed in various applications to enhance the understanding and importance of environmental and health effects. Conclusions: In order to regulate pharmaceutical residues in effluents, Technologies for sewage water management should be applied.  In particular, the presence of pharmacy including pharmacovigilance professionals is also important for enhancing multidisciplinary collaboration.

scholarly journals Internet page content analysis of north European Sea ports

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola ◽  
Andres Tolli ◽  
Ain Kiisler
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This study analyses 98 Internet pages of sea ports located in Sweden, Finland and Estonia during years 2017–2019. Aim of the study is to find, how website basic design is completed (colours and languages), how slogans, environmental issues, statistics and hinterland transports are reported. Based on the analysis, it appears as rather common that sea ports follow conservative selection of colours in their websites, where blue and white are clearly most popular. Typically, English and Swedish are as the most common used language, followed by Finnish, Russian and Estonian. In some rare cases, websites are offered in Chinese or German. Larger sea ports do have clear “slogans”, where smaller ones are just having lengthy justification for their existence. Environmental issues are increasing concern among sea ports, and these are mostly mentioned in details within Swedish actors. Providing statistics varies among companies, and in some sea ports these are provided from very long time period, where in others from just previous years or then only from last year (or even at all). It is common for companies to report that they have sustainable hinterland access, railway available.

Development of a Microdevice for Sorting Motile Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shioiri ◽  
T. Ishikawa ◽  
K. Numayama-Tsuruta ◽  
Y. Imai ◽  
H. Ueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Colony Count ◽  
Human Intestine ◽  
Count Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Of Operation

Bacteria are distributed in various places in nature and in industries, examples include human intestine, sewage treatment, food production and even food poisoning. Thus, the separation of bacteria from various samples is an important technique for medical and industrial applications. In recent years, separation of bacteria was commonly performed by a colony count method. This method, however, takes long time of operation and cannot be applied to bacteria for which culture method has not been established.

scholarly journals The Recycling of Sewage Generated in Kormangla-Chellaghatta Valley of Bengaluru India

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Agriculture Products ◽  
The City

The water consumption in Bengaluru goes to 1853 Million Liter per Day (MLD) mainly sourced from Kaveri river and borewells and in result to produce abbot 1400 MLD of sewage. About 711 MLD is being treated water out come from 26 Secondary Treatment Plants (STP) against their capacity of 1360 MLD. About 462.9 MLD is recycled for various purposes and remaining 248.5MLD is allowed to flow in Sewage Water Drainage or in lakes allowed to mix with the sewage, making practically no use. The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) has about 6 STPs in place for a capacity of 453.5 MLD in the Kormangla-Chelghatta valley (K&C Valley) catchment area. One of the best-known sewage recycling in present day in the country is 440 MLD Kormangla-Chelghatta valley project for drought prone Kolar and Chickballapur districts in Karnataka, India to reuse of treated water for ground water recharge and industries and then to agriculture. About 76 tanks have been filled till this date. From these tanks, treated water is allowed to recharge the ground water and then reused through open wells/ borewells for agriculture/ horticulture. No treated water is directly used from such tanks. The project has facilitated to change the socioeconomic status of the farmers, terrestrial, aquatic and marshy ecosystems of the area. The project is bringing change in symbiotic relations by exerting pressure for more sewage treatment at Bengaluru and in turn vegetables/agriculture products supply to it. It also fulfils the obligation of City to provide nutrient rich treated waste-water for farmers’ irrigation needs under distress conditions that they are facing due to drought and water shortage, who grow food and vegetables and thus ensuring symbiotic livelihood security for the farmers and food security for the city. The author is working as expert member appointed by National Green Tribunal for the rejuvenation of lakes in K&C Valley.

scholarly journals Disentangling the behavioural variability of confined cell migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (163) ◽  
pp. 20190689 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Brückner ◽  
Alexandra Fink ◽  
Joachim O. Rädler ◽  
Chase P. Broedersz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cell To Cell Variability ◽  
Additional Variance

Cell-to-cell variability is inherent to numerous biological processes, including cell migration. Quantifying and characterizing the variability of migrating cells is challenging, as it requires monitoring many cells for long time windows under identical conditions. Here, we observe the migration of single human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in confining two-state micropatterns. To describe the stochastic dynamics of this confined migration, we employ a dynamical systems approach. We identify statistics to measure the behavioural variance of the migration, which significantly exceeds that predicted by a population-averaged stochastic model. This additional variance can be explained by the combination of an ‘ageing’ process and population heterogeneity. To quantify population heterogeneity, we decompose the cells into subpopulations of slow and fast cells, revealing the presence of distinct classes of dynamical systems describing the migration, ranging from bistable to limit cycle behaviour. Our findings highlight the breadth of migration behaviours present in cell populations.

scholarly journals Decomposition of food waste using bulking agent and bio-drying technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 05013
Author(s):  
Oktiawan Wiharyanto ◽  
Hadiwidodo Mochtar ◽  
Bagus Priyambada Ika ◽  
Purwono Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Bulking Agent ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Compost Maturity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Biological Decomposition ◽  
Drying Technology ◽  
Maturity Parameters

Technology to process food waste should be easy maintenance, fast, economical, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Processing food waste according to the principle is biological decomposition. Biological processes usually take quite a long time (30 days). This study aims to accelerate the process of decomposition of food waste and produce a quality fertilizer products. Bulking agent (biofilm), bio activator (microorganism from cassava), and bio-drying technology are used to accelerate the decomposition process. The ratio of food waste and bulking agent is 7:3 (v/v). Mature product serves as a bulking agent and additive microorganisms. Additive microorganisms are also done by adding microorganism derived from cassava with a ratio of 10ml/500 g (Ml); 20 ml/500 g (M2); and 10ml/500 g of food waste (M3). The results showed the temperature of the food waste reached 50 ? at first. The addition of bulking agent and Additive microorganisms causes the thermophilic phase to occur early. This shows the thermophilic phase being achieved in a short period. Based on testing of compost maturity parameters, food waste has matured within 3 days. The C-Organic Concentration was 27.57%, N-total 1.98%, C/N ratio of 13.92, P-Total 0.23% and K-total 0.83%. In conclusion of this study, mature compost can be used as bulking agent with mature compost ratio and 7: 3 (v/v) bulking agent. Processing food waste is quite effective using a combination of bulking agent (mature compost), additive microorganisms and bio-drying technology.

scholarly journals Distribution and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Liquid and Solid Phases in the Unit Processes of Sewage Treatment Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwon Park ◽  
Changsoo Kim ◽  
Youngmin Hong ◽  
Wonseok Lee ◽  
Hyenmi Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Mass Load ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

In this study, we analyzed 27 pharmaceuticals in liquid and solid phase samples collected from the unit processes of four different sewage treatment plants (STPs) to evaluate their distribution and behavior of the pharmaceuticals. The examination of the relative distributions of various categories of pharmaceuticals in the influent showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant. While the relative distribution of antibiotics in the influent was not high (i.e., 3%–5%), it increased to 14%–30% in the effluent. In the four STPs, the mass load of the target pharmaceuticals was reduced by 88%–95% mainly in the biological treatment process, whereas the ratio of pharmaceuticals in waste sludge to those in the influent (w/w) was only 2%. In all the STPs, the removal efficiencies for the stimulant caffeine, NSAIDs (acetaminophen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid), and the antibiotic cefradine were high; they were removed mainly by biological processes. Certain compounds, such as the NSAID ketoprofen, contrast agent iopromide, lipid regulator gemfibrozil, and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, showed varying removal efficiencies depending on the contribution of biodegradation and sludge sorption. In addition, a quantitative meta-analysis was performed to compare the pharmaceutical removal efficiencies of the biological treatment processes in the four STPs, which were a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) process, and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process. Among the biological processes, the removal efficiency was in the order of MBR > SBR > A2O > MBBR. Among the tertiary treatment processes investigated, powdered activated carbon showed the highest removal efficiency of 18%–63% for gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, atenolol, cimetidine, and trimethoprim.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Pre-processing Methods on Dry Anaerobic Fermentation of Sugarcane Leaves and Pig Manure

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 02065
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Huang ◽  
Jing Jiao ◽  
Jihua Du ◽  
Zunxiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Volume Loading ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fermentation Period

Using agricultural wastes for anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas can not only realize the resource utilization of the wastes, but also prevent the environmental issues caused by straw burning. Sugarcane leaves contain waxy layer, which will cause problems such as difficulty in degradation, long-time fermentation and low biogas production. This paper studies the effects on three pre-processing methods of adding rush rot agent, natural retting for 7 days and water moisture for 24 hours of dry anaerobic fermentation of sugarcane leaves and pig manure. The results show that natural retting for 7 days has the advantage of daily biogas production when the fermentation period is less than 20 days, but this method is not obviously different from that of water moisture for 24 hours. When taking total biogas production volume and volume loading rate as the indicators, water moisture for 24 hours is the best pre-processing method for dry anaerobic fermentation of sugarcane leaves and pig manure when the fermentation period is more than 20 days.

scholarly journals Review on biological process of soil improvement in the mitigation of liquefaction in sandy soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 01017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abubakar Sadiq Muhammed ◽  
Khairul Anuar Kassim ◽  
Muttaqa Uba Zango
Keyword(s):  
Biological Process ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Reagent Concentration ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Cyclic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cyclic Resistance Ratio

Recently, the concept of using biological process in soil improvement otherwise called bio-mediated soil improvement technique has shown greater prospects in the mitigation of liquefiable soils. It is an environmental friendly technique that has generated great interest to geotechnical engineers. This paper presents a review on the microorganism responsible for the biological processes in soil improvement system, factors that affect biological process, identifying the mechanism of liquefaction and commonly adopted method to mitigate liquefaction. Next, the effect of microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) on the strength and cyclic response were also analyzed, where it was identified that higher cementation level leads to formation of larger sized calcite crystals which in turn leads to the improved shear strength, stiffness and cyclic resistance ratio of the soil. However, the effects of various bacteria, cementation reagent concentrations amongst other factors were not fully explored in most of the studies. Finally, some of the challenges that lay ahead for the emerging technology are optimizing treatment factors (bacteria and cementation reagent concentration), upscaling process, training of researchers/technologist and long – time durability of the improved soils.

scholarly journals Fractal structures in stenoses and aneurysms in blood vessels

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1933) ◽  
pp. 5605-5617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriane B. Schelin ◽  
György Károlyi ◽  
Alessandro P. S. de Moura ◽  
Nuala A. Booth ◽  
Celso Grebogi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Chaotic Advection ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Fractal Structures ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Dynamics Of Particles

Recent advances in the field of chaotic advection provide the impetus to revisit the dynamics of particles transported by blood flow in the presence of vessel wall irregularities. The irregularity, being either a narrowing or expansion of the vessel, mimicking stenoses or aneurysms, generates abnormal flow patterns that lead to a peculiar filamentary distribution of advected particles, which, in the blood, would include platelets. Using a simple model, we show how the filamentary distribution depends on the size of the vessel wall irregularity, and how it varies under resting or exercise conditions. The particles transported by blood flow that spend a long time around a disturbance either stick to the vessel wall or reside on fractal filaments. We show that the faster flow associated with exercise creates widespread filaments where particles can get trapped for a longer time, thus allowing for the possible activation of such particles. We argue, based on previous results in the field of active processes in flows, that the non-trivial long-time distribution of transported particles has the potential to have major effects on biochemical processes occurring in blood flow, including the activation and deposition of platelets. One aspect of the generality of our approach is that it also applies to other relevant biological processes, an example being the coexistence of plankton species investigated previously.

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