scholarly journals Analysis of information and psychological impact on personality in COVID-19 pandemic conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
Оксана Георгиевна Меретукова ◽  
Светлана Владимировна Нестерова ◽  
Владимир Владимирович Харин ◽  
Олег Васильевич Стрельцов ◽  
Ольга Сергеевна Маторина
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Psychological Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Flow Of Information

В настоящей статье проанализированы теоретические аспекты информационно-психологического воздействия на личность. Основными сферами информационно-психологического воздействия являются: экономические, политические, военные и т.д. Реализация процесса информационно-психологического воздействия направлена на основные сферы жизнедеятельности индивида или социальной группы посредством средств массовой информации, социальных сетей, глобальных компьютерных сетей, слухов (фейковых новостей) и т.д. Важнейшей задачей эффективного противодействия является своевременное выявление и идентификация информационно-психологического влияния, а также точная оценка возможных деструктивных последствий, которые могут привести к информационному и психологическому вмешательству. В данной связи актуальной задачей является изучение рассматриваемых в статье вопросов. В настоящее время в связи с возрастанием потока информации из различных источников актуальность обретает разработка мер предупреждения информационно-психологического воздействия и негативных последствий в виде изменения потребностей индивида (групп людей) посредством манипуляторных действий производителей и поставщиков товаров и услуг. Авторами статьи изучена реализация процесса управления социальными системами в информационном обществе, представленная российскими и зарубежными авторами. Приведены основные понятия, классификации методов информационно-психологического воздействия, выделены и разграничены методы, оказывающие наиболее высокое воздействие на людей с критическим и некритическим восприятием информации. Важнейшими характеристиками мыслительной деятельности личности являются: самостоятельность, критичность мышления, глубина и гибкость мышления, анализ и поиск решения задач. Представлен литературный обзор и основные выводы исследователей сущности и содержания процесса информационно-психологического воздействия. Проведен анализ информационно-психологического влияния на человека (группы лиц) в период пандемии. This paper analyzes theoretical aspects of information-psychological influence on personality. The main areas of information and psychological impact include economic, political, military, etc. The implementation of the process of information and psychological impact is aimed at the main spheres of life of an individual or social group through the media, social networks, global computer networks, rumors (fake news), etc. The most important task of effective counteraction is the timely identification of information and psychological influence, as well as an accurate assessment of possible destructive consequences that can lead to information and psychological intervention. In this regard, the current task is to study the issues discussed in the paper. At present, as the flow of information from various sources increases, the development of information prevention measures becomes relevant. At present, as the flow of information from various sources increases, the development of measures to prevent information and psychological effects and negative consequences in the form of changing the needs of the individual (groups of people) through manipulative actions of manufacturers and suppliers of goods and services becomes relevant. The authors of the publication studied the implementation of the process of managing social systems in the information society, presented by Russian and foreign authors. Basic concepts, classifications of methods of information-psychological impact are given, methods having the highest impact on people with critical and non-critical perception of information are identified and delineated. The most important characteristics of a person's thought activity are independence, criticality of thinking, depth and flexibility of thinking, analysis and search for solutions to problems. Literary overview and main conclusions of researchers on essence and content of the process of information-psychological impact are presented. An analysis of the information and psychological impact on the person (groups of persons) during the pandemic was carried out.

Secondary Psychological Prevention Self-Injurious Behavior of Schoolchildren

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
N.Kh Biletskaya ◽  
S.A. Belousova ◽  
T.A. Tetyueva
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
School Psychologist ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Counseling Training ◽  
Youth Subcultures ◽  
The Individual

This program describes the system of work of a school psychologist with students of adolescence and youthful age, as well as their immediate environment at the secondary level of prevention. The pro-gram is coordinated with the characteristics of the target group: it takes into account the cultural specificity of adolescent and youth subcultures, in which self-harm is used to create a group identity and communicate with other members of the group; the context is taken into account (peculiarities of the school environment); the level of development of adolescents (for example, their desire for inde-pendence in relations with their parents and the corresponding problems in communication with them); the trajectory of the formation of undesirable behavior. Based on the analysis of criteria for assessing self-injurious behavior, methods of its diagnosis, including those in the risk group, as well as tools for studying the existing suicidal danger were selected. Discussion of criteria and indicators for tracking the effectiveness of psychological impact is provided. In accordance with the psycholog-ical analysis of the phenomenon, individual and group forms of psychological assistance are as-sumed. The main directions of psychological influence are the formation of constructive motivation (positive values, orientation towards fulfilling social requirements and self-preservation); integration of individual experiences; improving self-regulation; increasing stress resistance and expanding personality resources; development of vital skills; elimination or reduction of manifestations of mala-daptive behavior; expansion of social ties and positive social experience of the individual. Forms of work of a psychologist: organization of the social environment; informing; active social learning (training); initiation of search / organization of alternative activities; activation of personal resources; design to minimize negative consequences; others. The main types of activities, which include students: individual counseling; training groups in order to correct negative emotionally significant situa-tions; individual work with the child’s value system; teaching social skills, methods of effective com-munication, constructive behavior in conflict situations. The main groups of applied methods: meth-ods of stimulating the motivation of behavior change; methods of correcting emotional disorders; self-regulation methods; cognitive restructuring techniques; methods of extinguishing unwanted be-havior; methods of forming positive behavior (reinforcement, rehearsal — assertiveness training, etc.).

scholarly journals Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures: an empirical model of stress.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartholomäus Wissmath ◽  
Fred W Mast ◽  
Fabian Kraus ◽  
David Weibel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Group ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Social Organizational ◽  
The Individual

Research suggests that epidemics and corresponding containment measures have negative consequences to the individual and cause stress. The psychological mechanisms that determine stress, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures, are not yet clear. In a survey during the lockdown in Switzerland (n=1565), we found substantially increased levels of stress in the population. In particular, individuals who did not agree with the containment measures, as well as those who saw nothing positive in the crisis, experienced even higher levels of stress. In contrast, individuals who are part of a risk group or who are working in healthcare or in essential shops experienced similar stress levels as the general public. We conducted a path analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms during lockdown. Experiencing fear of the disease is a key driver for being worried. Our model further shows that worries about the individual, social, and economic consequences of the crisis, strongly boost stress. The infection rate in the canton (i.e. state) of residence also contributes to stress. Positive thinking and perceived social, organizational, and governmental support mitigate worries and stress. To prevent stress, authorities should explain containment measures well, highlight positive aspects of the crisis, address worries, and facilitate support.

Exploring Modes, Strategies, and Psychosocial Consequences of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hira Kanwal ◽  
Humaira Jami
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cyber Victimization ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Depth Interviews

The purpose of the study was to explore modes, strategies, and consequences of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among university students. In-depth interviews of 14 volunteer university students (8 male and 6 female) were conducted who volunteered to participate in the study in which 10 participants were “cybervictims” whereas 4 were “cyberbully-victim”. Interview guide was used for conducting unstructured interviews. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed different experiences in cyberspace with respect to gender and role (cybervictim and cyberbully-victim) in experiencing cyberbullying and cyber-victimization. Three themes emerged that is psychological consequences (emotional, behavioral, and cognitive), social consequences (family and peers), and change in lifestyle (online, offline, and academic). Facebook was found to be the most prevalent mode of cyberbullying. The cyberbully-victim participants derived more happiness while bullying and had revengeful attitude; whereas, cybervictims experienced more depression, increased family surveillance, social isolation, and became aware of negative consequences of social networking sites, became more vigilant and conscious in cyberspace. Moreover, the consequences reported by cyberbully-victim were distrust on security settings, low academic achievement, and their peers learnt from their cyberspace experience. Perception of cyber-victimization was different across gender and its psychological impact was more pronounced for girls than boys. The results and implications were discussed in Pakistani context.

Tourism as a Tool for the Fulfilment of the Rights to Rest and Leisure Enshrined in Article No. 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Bianca Nicla Romano
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Title V ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Italian Constitution

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.

¿Quién soy yo? Reflexiones teórico sistémicas acerca de la indentidad individual

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Francisco Xavier Morales
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Moral Communication ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The problem of identity is an issue of contemporary society that is not only expressed in daily life concerns but also in discourses of politics and social movements. Nevertheless, the I and the needs of self-fulfillment usually are taken for granted. This paper offers thoughts regarding individual identity based on Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory. From this perspective, identity is not observed as a thing or as a subject, but rather as a “selfillusion” of a system of consciousness, which differentiates itself from the world, event after event, in a contingent way. As concerns the definition  of contents of self-identity, the structures of social systems define who is a person, how he or she should act, and how much esteem he or she should receive. These structures are adopted by consciousness as its own identity structures; however, some social contexts are more relevant for self-identity construction than others. Moral communication increases the probability that structure appropriation takes place, since the emotional element of identity is linked to the esteem/misesteem received by the individual from the interactions in which he or she participates.

Living within Limits

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Population Problem ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Garrett Hardin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Free Flow Of Information ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
Original Thinker

We fail to mandate economic sanity, writes Garrett Hardin, "because our brains are addled by...compassion." With such startling assertions, Hardin has cut a swathe through the field of ecology for decades, winning a reputation as a fearless and original thinker. A prominent biologist, ecological philosopher, and keen student of human population control, Hardin now offers the finest summation of his work to date, with an eloquent argument for accepting the limits of the earth's resources--and the hard choices we must make to live within them. In Living Within Limits, Hardin focuses on the neglected problem of overpopulation, making a forceful case for dramatically changing the way we live in and manage our world. Our world itself, he writes, is in the dilemma of the lifeboat: it can only hold a certain number of people before it sinks--not everyone can be saved. The old idea of progress and limitless growth misses the point that the earth (and each part of it) has a limited carrying capacity; sentimentality should not cloud our ability to take necessary steps to limit population. But Hardin refutes the notion that goodwill and voluntary restraints will be enough. Instead, nations where population is growing must suffer the consequences alone. Too often, he writes, we operate on the faulty principle of shared costs matched with private profits. In Hardin's famous essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons," he showed how a village common pasture suffers from overgrazing because each villager puts as many cattle on it as possible--since the costs of grazing are shared by everyone, but the profits go to the individual. The metaphor applies to global ecology, he argues, making a powerful case for closed borders and an end to immigration from poor nations to rich ones. "The production of human beings is the result of very localized human actions; corrective action must be local....Globalizing the 'population problem' would only ensure that it would never be solved." Hardin does not shrink from the startling implications of his argument, as he criticizes the shipment of food to overpopulated regions and asserts that coercion in population control is inevitable. But he also proposes a free flow of information across boundaries, to allow each state to help itself. "The time-honored practice of pollute and move on is no longer acceptable," Hardin tells us. We now fill the globe, and we have no where else to go. In this powerful book, one of our leading ecological philosophers points out the hard choices we must make--and the solutions we have been afraid to consider.

scholarly journals Psychological interventions for managing postpartum psychosis: a qualitative analysis of women’s and family members’ experiences and preferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Forde ◽  
S. Peters ◽  
A. Wittkowski
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Postpartum Psychosis ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Seeking Safety ◽  
The Future ◽  
Severe Disorder

Abstract Background Postpartum psychosis is a rare, yet severe disorder, in which early identification and immediate intervention are crucial. Despite recommendations for psychological input, little is known about the types of psychological intervention reported to be helpful. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences, needs and preferences for psychological intervention from the perspective of women with postpartum psychosis and from the perspective of family members. Methods Thirteen women and eight family members, including partners were interviewed. The data from these semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and inductively analysed using thematic analysis. Results Twelve subthemes were identified and then organised around three main themes: 1) Seeking safety and containment, 2) Recognising and responding to the psychological impact and 3) Planning for the future. These themes highlight the temporal element of recovery from postpartum psychosis, because women’s psychological needs and preferences changed over time. Emphasis was initially placed on ensuring safety, followed by a need to connect, process and adjust to their experiences. Additional needs were reported by women and family when planning for the future, including managing the fear of relapse and help to reach a decision about future pregnancies. Conclusion The results illustrate a range of areas in which psychological intervention could be delivered to facilitate and enhance recovery. Further research is needed to develop meaningful and effective psychological interventions and to investigate the most appropriate timing for this to be offered.

scholarly journals Time, the deer, is in the wood: Chronotopic identities, trajectories of texts and community self-management

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Relevant Context ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis paper opens with a problematisation of the notion of real-time in discourse analysis – dissected, as it is, as if time unfolded in a linear and regular procession at the speed of speech. To illustrate this point, the author combines Hasan’s concept of “relevant context” with Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope to provide an analysis of Sorley MacLean’s poem Hallaig, with its deep-rootedness in space and its dissolution of time. The remainder of the paper is dedicated to following the poem’s metamorphoses and trajectory as it intertwines with Bartlett’s own life and family history, creating a layered simultaneity of meanings orienting to multiple semio-historic centres. In this way the author (pers. comm.) “sets out to illustrate in theory, text analysis and (self-)history the trajectories taken by texts as they cross through time and space; their interconnectedness with social systems at different scales; and the manner in which they are revoiced in order to enhance their legitimacy before the diverse audiences they encounter on their migratory paths.” In this process, Bartlett relates his own story to the socioeconomic concerns of the Hebridean island where his father was raised, and to dialogues between local communities and national and external policy-makers – so echoing Denzin’s call (2014. Interpretive Autoethnography (2nd Edition). Los Angeles: Sage: vii) to “develop a methodology that allows us examine how the private troubles of individuals are connected to public issues and to public responses to these troubles”. Bartlett presents his data through a range of legitimation strategies and voicing techniques, creating transgressive texts that question received notions of identity, authorship, legitimacy and authenticity in academia, the portals of power, and the routines of daily life. The current Abstract is one such example. As with the author’s closing caveat on the potential dangers of self-revelation, offered, no doubt, as a flimsy justification for the extensive focus in the paper on his own life as a chronotope, I leave it for the individual reader to decide if Bartlett’s approach is ultimately ludic or simply ludicrous.

scholarly journals Understanding decisions about antibiotic prescribing in ICU: an application of the Necessity Concerns Framework

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjqs-2020-012479
Author(s):  
Alyssa M Pandolfo ◽  
Robert Horne ◽  
Yogini Jani ◽  
Tom W Reader ◽  
Natalie Bidad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Clinical Vignettes ◽  
Molecular Microbiology ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundAntibiotics are extensively prescribed in intensive care units (ICUs), yet little is known about how antibiotic-related decisions are made in this setting. We explored how beliefs, perceptions and contextual factors influenced ICU clinicians’ antibiotic prescribing.MethodsWe conducted 4 focus groups and 34 semistructured interviews with clinicians involved in antibiotic prescribing in four English ICUs. Focus groups explored factors influencing prescribing, whereas interviews examined decision-making processes using two clinical vignettes. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, applying the Necessity Concerns Framework.ResultsClinicians’ antibiotic decisions were influenced by their judgement of the necessity for prescribing/not prescribing, relative to their concerns about potential adverse consequences. Antibiotic necessity perceptions were strongly influenced by beliefs that antibiotics would protect patients from deterioration and themselves from the ethical and legal consequences of undertreatment. Clinicians also reported concerns about prescribing antibiotics. These generally centred on antimicrobial resistance; however, protecting the individual patient was prioritised over these societal concerns. Few participants identified antibiotic toxicity concerns as a key influencer. Clinical uncertainty often complicated balancing antibiotic necessity against concerns. Decisions to start or continue antibiotics often represented ‘erring on the side of caution’ as a protective response in uncertainty. This approach was reinforced by previous experiences of negative consequences (‘being burnt’) which motivated prescribing ‘just in case’ of an infection. Prescribing decisions were also context-dependent, exemplified by a lower perceived threshold to prescribe antibiotics out-of-hours, input from external team members and local prescribing norms.ConclusionEfforts to improve antibiotic stewardship should consider clinicians’ desire to protect with a prescription. Rapid molecular microbiology, with appropriate communication, may diminish clinicians’ fears of not prescribing or of using narrower-spectrum antibiotics.

Prediction of pre-eclampsia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1753495X2098401
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Giannakou
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Maternal Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Individual

Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity that complicates approximately 2–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The precise cause of pre-eclampsia is not completely understood, with several environmental, genetic, and maternal factors involved in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. An accurate predictor of pre-eclampsia will facilitate early recognition, close surveillance according to the individual risk and early intervention, and reduce the negative consequences of the disorder. Current evidence shows that no single test predicts pre-eclampsia with sufficient accuracy to be clinically useful. A combination of markers into multiparametric models may provide a more useful and feasible predictive tool for pre-eclampsia screening in the routine care setting than a test of either component alone. This review presents a summary of the current advances on prediction of pre-eclampsia, highlighting their performance and applicability. Key priorities when conducting research on predicting pre-eclampsia are also analyzed.

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