CRESCIMENTO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus grandis UTILIZANDO LODO DE ESGOTO, FIBRA DE COCO E PALHA DE CAFÉ IN NATURA

ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a utilização de lodo de esgoto e resíduos orgânicos na composição de substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro Florestal do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFES, em Alegre, ES, constituindo-se de delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e 10 tratamentos: 100% LE, 80% LE + 20% FC, 60% LE + 40% FC, 40% LE + 60% FC, 20% LE + 80% FC, 80% LE + 20% PCN, 60% LE + 40% PCN, 40% LE + 60% PCN, 20% LE + 80% PCN, e uma testemunha 100% SC. Foram realizadas análises químicas e físicas dos tratamentos e aos 90 dias após a semeadura determinaram-se as características morfológicas das plantas. Os resultados indicaram que a densidade aparente, a porosidade total, a macro e microporosidade, o pH, a disponibilidade de água, K, P, Ca, Mg e sais solúveis foram influenciados pela maior ou menor proporção de lodo de esgoto, fibra de coco ou palha de café in natura. O tratamento 80% LE + 20% PCN apresentou os maiores valores de altura, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca radicular e massa seca total.Palavras-chave: Biossólido; fibras vegetais; eucalipto; características morfológicas. AbstractGrowth of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis using sewage sludge, coconut fiber and straw of coffee in natura. The present study aimed to test the use of sewage sludge and organic waste in substrate composition for the production of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. The experiment was conducted at the Forest Nursery Center for Agricultural Sciences UFES in Alegre, ES. It was developed in completely randomized design with six replications and 10 treatments 100% LE, 80% LE + 20% FC, 60% LE + 40% FC, 40% LE + 60% FC, 20% LE + 80% FC, 80% LE + 20% PCN, 60% LE + 40% PCN, 40% LE + 60% PCN, 20% LE + 80% PCN, and a witness 100 % SC. Analyses of chemical and physical treatments, and at 90 days after sowing we determined the morphological characteristics of the plants. The results indicated that bulk density, total porosity, macro and microporosity, pH, availability of water, K, P, Ca, Mg, and soluble salts were influenced by a greater or lesser proportion of sewage sludge, coir straw or fresh coffee. Treatment 80 % LE +20 % PCN presented the highest values of height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass.Keywords: Biosolids; plant fibers; eucalyptus; morphological characteristics.

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Potential impacts of using sewage sludge biochar on the growth of plant forest seedlings

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160064 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maria Isidoria Silva ◽

Cheryl Mackowiak ◽

Patrick Minogue ◽

Alessandra Ferreira Reis ◽

Ederlon Flavio da Veiga Moline

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Environmental Risks ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Forest Species ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

High Pathogenic

ABSTRACT: Sewage sludge has long been successfully used in the production of nursery plants; however, some restriction may apply due to its high pathogenic characteristics. The process of charring the organic waste significantly reduces that undesired component and may be as effective as the non-charred residue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge biochar on the growth and morphological traits of eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus grandis L.) seedlings, and compare results with those observed when using uncharred sewage sludge. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Charred and non-charred sewage sludge were tested with and without NPK addition. A control treatment was also evaluated. Ten weeks old eucalyptus seedlings were transferred to the pots and grew for eight weeks. Chlorophyll content, plant height and stem diameter were measured at 0, 30 and 60 days after transplant. Shoot and root biomass were measured after plant harvest. Dickson Quality Index was calculated to evaluate the overall quality of seedlings. Biochar was effective in improving the seedlings quality, and had similar effects as the non-charred waste. Therefore, sewage sludge biochar has the potential to improve the process of production of forest species seedlings and further reduce the environmental risks associated with the use of non-charred sewage sludge.

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Industrial residues as substrate components for the production of Ilex paraguariensis seedlings

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v11i.3215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. e3215

Author(s):

Monica Moreno Gabira ◽

João Felipe Penteado Gomes ◽

Dagma Kratz ◽

Ivar Wendling ◽

Carlos André Stuepp

Keyword(s):

New Products ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Coconut Fiber ◽

Industrial Residues ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Production Period

Ilex paraguariensis is an important forest species in Brazil. Recently, the development of new products has increased seedlings demand and consequently, the interest in new products to use as substrates like residues from industries. We aimed to evaluate the viability of using industrial residues as substrates to produce yerba mate seedlings. We formulated thirteen substrates with coconut fiber, carbonized and decomposed yerba mate industrial residues in different ratios, which were compared to two commercial substrates, in a completely randomized design. The stratified seeds were placed in 110 cm³ tubes filled with the substrates. Plants were kept in a greenhouse for 135 days, shade house (70%) for 30 days, and rustification area in full sunlight for 15 days, under fertigation after 30 days of sowing. We evaluated montlhy the survival, height, and stem diameter, and at the end of the production period, we evaluated shoot and root dry mass. From the data obtained, we calculated the total dry mass and ‘Dickson quality index’. The substrates formulated with coconut fiber and decomposed yerba mate industrial residue can be used to produce yerba mate seedlings, but it depends on the ratio of the substrate components. Substrates with higher total porosity and microporosity provided seedlings with biometric characteristics similar to those produced in commercial substrates. The carbonized yerba mate residue reduced seedling growth when used in a percentage equal to or higher than 50% in the substrate.

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Saturação por bases e doses de fósforo na produção de mudas de ipê rosa (Handroanthus impetiginosa)

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽

10.17921/1415-5141.2021v25n1p33-37 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Cristiane Ramos Vieira ◽

Rayza Samara de Assis Carneiro

Keyword(s):

Mass Production ◽

Plant Nutrition ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Base Saturation ◽

Seedling Height ◽

Substrate Preparation ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Phosphate Fertilization ◽

Completely Randomized Design

O ipê rosa (Handroanthus impetiginosa) é uma espécie arbórea nativa do Brasil usada na ornamentação e recomposição florestal. Para garantir que mudas de qualidade sejam utilizadas em qualquer finalidade, para a qual se emprega essa espécie, deve-se conhecer mais a respeito das suas exigências nutricionais. Diante disso, um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a saturação por bases e diferentes níveis de fósforo (P) na produção de mudas do ipê rosa. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com nove tratamentos e cinco repetições: T0 (100% substrato comercial); T1 (V50% de saturação por bases); T2 (V60% de saturação por bases); T3 (V50% de saturação por bases + 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5); T4 (V50% de saturação por bases + 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5); T5 (V50% de saturação por bases + 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5); T6 (V60% de saturação por bases + 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5); T7 (V60% de saturação por bases + 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5); T8 (V60% de saturação por bases + 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5). As características morfológicas foram avaliadas ao final de 90 dias. A saturação por bases e a adubação fosfatada não influenciaram no crescimento em altura e em diâmetro das mudas de H. impetiginosa, porém, influenciaram na produção de massa seca. Dessa forma, recomenda-se, para a produção de mudas de H. impetiginosa, a preparação do substrato sendo: solo com V60% de saturação por bases + 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Palavras-chave: Ipê rosa, calagem, fosfatagem, nutrição de plantas, viveiro. Abstract The pink ipe (Handroanthus impetiginosa) is a tree species native to Brazil that is used in forest ornamentation and restoration. To ensure that quality seedlings are used for any purpose, for which this species is used, it is necessary to know more about nutritional requirements. Therefore, an experiment was developed to evaluate base saturation and different phosphorus (P) levels in the pink ipe seedlings production. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five replications: T0 (100% commercial substrate); T1 (V50% of base saturation); T2 (V60% of base saturation); T3 (V50% of base saturation + 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5) ; T4 (V50% of base saturation + 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5); T5 (V50% of base saturation + 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5); T6 (V60% of base saturation + 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5); T7 (V60% of base saturation + 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5); T8 (V60% of base saturation + 150 kg ha-1 P2O5). Morphological characteristics of the plants were evaluated after 90 days. Base saturation and phosphate fertilization did not influence H. impetiginosa seedling height and diameter growth but influenced dry mass production. Thus, for the H. impetiginosa seedlings production, substrate preparation: soil with V60% of base saturation + 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 is recommended. Keywords: Pink ipe, liming, phosphating, plant nutrition, nursery.

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CRESCIMENTO E NUTRIÇÃO DE PAU DE BALSA EM SOLO ENRIQUECIDO COM LODO DE ESGOTO

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i0.5379 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 699

Author(s):

Cristiane Ramos Vieira ◽

Oscarlina Lúcia dos Santos Weber

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Organic Residue ◽

Green Mass ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Growth And Nutrition ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

A utilização de substratos orgânicos pode tornar a produção de mudas menos onerosa, no entanto, há que se estabelecer estudo para obter conhecimento sobre os tipos de substratos bem como suas proporções mais adequadas para cada espécie produzida. Diante disso, realizou-se experimento em casa de vegetação para verificar a influência do lodo de esgoto no desenvolvimento e na nutrição de mudas de Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urban. Foram cinco doses de lodo de esgoto, cada dose com cinco repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado: T0 – sem lodo de esgoto; T1 – 1,5 L ha-1; T2 – 2,7 L ha-1; T3 – 3,3 L ha-1 e; T4 – 5,0 L ha-1. Para a análise do desenvolvimento das mudas, verificou-se altura e diâmetro, durante 90 dias. Após 90 dias, verificou-se a massa verde da parte aérea, a massa seca da parte aérea e as concentrações de nutrientes. A adição de lodo de esgoto influenciou positivamente no crescimento das mudas, observando-se os maiores valores em diâmetro, massa verde e seca nas mudas em 3,3 L ha-1. As concentrações de N, Ca, Mg e de B nas folhas estiveram abaixo da recomendada e; de Fe e de Na acima; porém, sem limitação no crescimento das mudas.Palavras-chave: Ochroma pyramidale, resíduo orgânico, produção de mudas. GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF BALSAWOOD IN SOIL ENRICHED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE ABSTRACT:The use of organic substrates can make the production of seedlings less expensive; however, it is necessary to establish a study to obtain knowledge about the types of substrates as well as their proportions more suitable for each species produced. For this, an experiment was installed in nursery with the aimed to verify the influence of sewage sludge in the development and nutrition of Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urban. Were evaluated five increasing doses of sewage sludge, each dose with five replications, in a completely randomized design: T0 – without sewage sludge; T1 – 1.5 L ha-1; T2 – 2.7 L ha-1; T3 – 3.3 L ha-1 and; T4 – 5.0 L ha-1. For the seedlings analysis of development were determined height and diameter, during 90 days. After 90 days, were verified, the wet mass of aerial part, dry mass of aerial part and concentrations of nutrients. The addition of sewage sludge influenced, positively, on the growth of seedlings, observing the highest values in diameter, green mass and dry mass in seedlings on 3.3 L ha-1. The concentrations of N, Ca, Mg and B on leaf were below of the recommended; Fe and Na above; however, without limitation on the growth of seedlings.Keywords: Ochroma pyramidale, organic residue, seedlings production.

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Competitiveness of alexandergrass or Bengal dayflower with soybean

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582010000300008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 515-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A.C.R. Dias ◽

S.J.P. Carvalho ◽

L.W. Marcolini ◽

M.S.C. Melo ◽

P.J. Christoffoleti

Keyword(s):

Competitive Ability ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Total Density ◽

Weed Species ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Commelina Benghalensis ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Soybean Plants

Weeds compete with field crops mainly for water, light and nutrients, and the degree of competition is affected by the weed density and the intrinsic competitive ability of each plant species in coexistence. The objective of this research was to compare the competitiveness of alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea) or Bengal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in coexistence with soybean, cv. M-Soy 8045. A factorial experiment (2 x 5) with two weed species and five competition proportions was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Proportions were based on a replacement series competition design, always maintaining the total density of four plants per 10 L plastic pots, which corresponded to 60 plants m ². The weed-crop proportions were: 0:4; 1:3; 2:2; 3:1; 4:0; that corresponded to the proportion of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of soybean plants and the opposite for weeds, B. plantaginea or C. benghalensis plants. Leaf area, shoot dry mass of the weeds and soybean and number of soybean trifoliate leaves were evaluated when the soybean reached the phenologic stage of full flowering. B. plantaginea was a better competitor than soybean plants. Otherwise, C. benghalensis revealed a similar competitive ability that of the soybean. In both cases, there were evidences that intraspecific competition was more important.

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INFLUENCE OF SUGARCANE STRAW AND SOWING DEPTH ON THE EMERGENCE OF WEED SPECIES

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582015000300003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. V. SILVA ◽

P. A. MONQUERO ◽

F. B. SILVA ◽

N. C. BEVILAQUA ◽

M. R. MALARDO

Keyword(s):

Ricinus Communis ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Weed Species ◽

Sowing Depth ◽

Sugarcane Straw ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Luffa Aegyptiaca

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the influence of sowing depth and the amount of sugarcane straw on the emergence of weed species Luffa aegyptiaca Miller (Cucurbitaceae); Mucuna aterrima Piper & Tracy (Fabaceae - Leguminosae) and Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 x 3 factorial layout with four replications was used, at five sowing depths (0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 cm), four different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) and three different evaluation periods (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). After sowing, different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) were deposited on soil. Seedling emergence was analyzed at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing, counting the number of seedlings that had emerged. At the end of the trial, weed height (cm), leaf area (cm2) and shoot dry mass (g) were measured. In relation to emergence ability, studied species presented different responses according to sowing depth and to the amount of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil. For the L.aegyptiacaand M.aterrima, no significant difference was observed in the interaction between depth and sugarcane straw, showing the adaptation of these species to no-burn sugarcane system. For R.communis, seeds placed at 0 cm of sugar cane straw depth were observed to favor the emergence of seedlings.

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Soybean waste in particleboard production

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542018422015817 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 186-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Evelyn Hoffmamm Martins ◽

Alan Pereira Vilela ◽

Rafael Farinassi Mendes ◽

Lourival Marin Mendes ◽

Lívia Elisabeth Vasconcellos de Siqueira Brandão Vaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

High Yield ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Hybrid Eucalyptus

ABSTRACT Brazil is the second largest soybean producer in the world, with a yield of around 96.2 million tons per crop. This high yield leads to a great amount of waste resulting from soybean cultivation, which can reach approximately 41 million tons of waste per year. This material has lignocellulosic properties, which may enable its use as a raw material for particleboard production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soybean pods in particleboard production. For particleboard manufacture, wood of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis was used, added with soybean pods, at proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. For particleboard evaluation, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and three replicates, using linear regression and the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance for comparison among the different treatments. The properties apparent density, compaction ratio, water absorption after 2 and 24 hours, thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours in water immersion, internal bonding, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in bending properties were evaluated. The ratio soybean pod waste and eucalyptus particles in the panels led to an increase in water absorption values and thickness swelling, in addition to a decrease in mechanical properties. The production of panels with approximately 23% soybean pods is feasible.

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Managment of sulphur fertilizer in forage sorghum crop cultivated in eutrophic Cambisol with alkaline pH

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.19.13.08.p1530 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1258-1266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thiago Henrique Ferreira Matos Castañon ◽

Boanerges Freire de Aquino ◽

Edna Maria Bonfim Silva ◽

Izabel Maria Almeida Lima ◽

Ana Paula Alves Barreto Damasceno

Keyword(s):

Elemental Sulfur ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Alkaline Ph ◽

Single Superphosphate ◽

Soil Fertilization ◽

Forage Sorghum ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Sulphur Fertilizer ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of soil fertilization with sulfur-based fertilizers, sulfate and elemental sulfur forms on biomass production, nutrient characteristics of sorghum and soil chemical properties. The experiment was carried out in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme (four sulfur sources: single superphosphate, agricultural gypsum, elemental sulfur powder and elemental sulfur granulated with bentonite, and four sulfur doses: 0, 40, 80, 120 mgdm-3) using four replications in a completely randomized design, being cultivated in pots under greenhouse conditions. The sorghum was cultivated for a period of 51 days after emergence of the seedlings. The shoot dry mass, shoot macronutrients content, root and soil and pH of the soil were evaluated. There were interactions between sources and sulfur doses in the variables such as shoot dry mass, sulfur in the root, sulfur and calcium in the soil. Elemental sulfur (granulate) showed lower concentrations of phosphorus, sulfur and N:S ratio in the shoot. The concentrations of potassium, calcium and magnesium did not show significant differences, both for the shoot and the root. The pH of the soil was reduced depending on the sources and doses of elemental sulfur. The sources and doses of sulfur did not influence the levels of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in the soil. The elemental sulfur in the form of powder is the best source of sulfur for forage sorghum cultivated in soil with alkaline pH.

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Broccoli yield in response to top-dressing fertilization with green manure and biofertilizer

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/s0034-737x2011000500016 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 645-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gilberto Bernardo de Freitas ◽

Márcio Sousa Rocha ◽

Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽

Letícia Monteiro da Silva Freitas ◽

Leandro de Almeida Resende

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Productive Performance ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Protected Cultivation ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Organic Compost

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance of broccoli under different top-dressing organic fertilizations. The experiment was conducted under protected cultivation, in a completely randomized design with four replications, with two plants per experimental unit. Broccoli seedlings were produced in a commercial substrate in styrofoam trays. The seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots containing 10.0 L of substrate made up of subsoil and organic compost at the ratio of 3:1 (v/v), respectively, which is equivalent to about 20.0 t ha-1 of organic compost at planting. After seedling establishment, the top-dressing fertilization treatments were applied: gliricidia biomass associated or not with liquid biofertilizer of cattle manure to the soil and bokashi. Two control treatments were established: one with mineral fertilization recommended for the crop and the other without top-dressing fertilization. The broccoli production was evaluated (commercial standard). Plants that received mineral fertilizer were more productive, however, they were not significantly different (p>0.05), by Dunnet test, from the plants fertilized with 2.5 t ha-1 gliricidiabiomass (dry mass) associated with liquid biofertilizer (2.0 L m-2) applied to soil. Top-dressing fertilizations with only gliricidia, at 2.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 of biomass (dry mass), resulted in no significant increase in production of broccoli inflorescence. The use of bokashi in addition to gliricidia biomass and liquid biofertilizer reduced the efficiency of the fertilization compared with plants that received only gliricidia and liquid biofertilizer.

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Integrated management of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees): associating chemical control tools and plant physiology

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Avelino Faleiro ◽

Diego Martins Chiapinotto ◽

Fabiane Pinto Lamego ◽

Carlos Eduardo Schaedler ◽

Eduardo Bohrer de Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Radiation Factor ◽

Factor B ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Factor C ◽

Resource Conditions ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of herbicides use in the control of tough lovegrass according to the availability of solar radiation and the presence or absence of flooded. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2x2x4 and 2x2x5 factorial scheme, where factor A was equivalent to the environment (natural or reduced radiation); factor B to water condition (with a 2 cm flooded or without); and, factor C the herbicides: cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), cyhalofop butyl + glyphosate (315 g ha-1 + 1080 g ha-1) and control (without application) in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the herbicides used were cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), sethoxydim (184g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 g ha-1) and control (without application). Glyphosate efficiently controls plants of tough lovegrass with four tillers (>90%), being superior to cyhalofop, imazethapyr and sethoxydim; independently, of resource conditions. Reduction in the availability of solar radiation generates less shoot dry mass production from the weed, and improves the control only by imazethapyr and cyhalofop. In general, a flooded condition does not affect tough lovegrass control by herbicides.

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