scholarly journals VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR THREE TIMBER SPECIES WITH COMMERCIAL INTEREST FROM THE DIAMETER OF THE STUMP

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
Quelyson Souza Lima ◽  
Marco Antonio Amaro ◽  
Thiago Augusto Cunha ◽  
Evandro Orfanó Figueiredo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Feitoza Parente
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Volume Estimate ◽  
Commercial Interest ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Dipteryx Odorata

The commercial volume of trees can be calculated directly and indirectly. However, in areas of illegal deforestation, the stem is often not available for dendrometric measurements and, consequently, calculation of the commercial volume and the use of the direct method. On the other hand, the use of the indirect method is impossible due to the lack of equations with possible measurement variables. In order to make the volume estimate feasible in these cases, the objective of this work was to estimate the commercial volume of wood from individual trees using regression equations, using measurements made on the stump for three species of commercial interest, in areas of timber forest management, namely: Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) JFMacbr. and Amburana acreana (Ducke) A.C.Sm. Data were collected in two management areas, located in the municipalities of Sena Madureira and Rio Branco, with a sample of 250 stumps. Statistical tests were carried out to analyze regression and choose the best equations that would estimate the volume of the species selected for the study, based on the diameter of the stump. Tests of accuracy, precision, assumptions, validation and identity model were applied for choice. Models that met the research objectives for both species were tested with R²adj = 87.7% for Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd., R²adj = 81.8% for Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. and R²adj = 70.5% for Amburana acreana (Ducke) A.C.Sm., as well as meeting all the assumptions of the regression resulting in the validation of the equations adjusted by the selected models. 

scholarly journals The Preference of Direct or Indirect Methods in Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows in Decision Making: An Academic Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Abdullah, S. Hardan ◽  
Majed, A. Qabajeh ◽  
Aymen, M. Alshanti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Statement Of Cash Flows ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Academic Sector

Two methods are used when reporting cash flows from operating activities: the direct method or the indirect method, both are acceptable from IAS with a preference of direct method. Thus, this paper examines which method of reporting the statement of cash flows provides useful information the decision makers rely on for decision making purposes. To achieve this aim, participants were selected from academic sector represented by universities professors. The study is based on the conceptual framework: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. To be useful, information must be relevant and represents faithfully what it claims to represent. In order to distinguish more useful financial information from those less useful, enhancing qualitative characteristics were examined. Results show that academic professors provide support for direct method of reporting cash flows over indirect method. The study sought to determine the effect of academic rank on these results. Evidence reveals that full and associate professors endorsed the preference of direct method more than assistant professors and lecturers. These results recommend the legislative bodies and entities to adopt the direct method in preparation the statement of cash flows.

scholarly journals Теплоемкость и магнитокалорический эффект соединений LaFe-=SUB=-11.2-x-=/SUB=-Mn-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Co-=SUB=-0.7-=/SUB=-Si-=SUB=-1.1-=/SUB=- (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Н.З. Абдулкадирова ◽  
А.М. Алиев ◽  
А.Г. Гамзатов ◽  
P. Gebara
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Curie Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Magnetocaloric Effect ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Capacity Data ◽  
Value Changes

The specific heat and magnetocaloric effect of the LaFe11.2-хMnxCo0.7Si1.1 intermetallic compounds (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) were measured in the temperature range 80–300 K and in magnetic fields up to 8 T. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was estimated using two methods: direct method in cyclic magnetic fields, as well as an indirect method from heat capacity data. It was shown that an increase in the concentration of Mn atoms leads to a shift in the Curie temperature of the TC toward lower temperatures, while the FM value changes slightly.

Flow Measurement to a Kaplan Turbine Using a Direct Method and an Indirect One

2016 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Budai ◽  
Adrian Cuzmos ◽  
Cristian Fanica ◽  
Damaschin Pepa ◽  
Cosmin Ursoniu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Kaplan Turbine ◽  
A Direct Method

The paper present two different methods for measuring flow in hydropower, one direct and one indirect method. The study consists in comparing the results obtained by measurements made by both methods in a Romanian hydropower plant. The indirect method used is the Winter-Kennedy method. The other method involves direct measurement of the flow rate of water using a specialized outfit in this.

scholarly journals CROWN MORPHOMETRY FOR TWO VALUABLE TIMBER SPECIES FROM MIOMBO WOODLAND IN MOZAMBIQUE

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-326
Author(s):  
Noé dos Santos Ananias Hofiço Hofiço ◽  
Emanuel Arnoni Costa ◽  
Frederico Dimas Fleig ◽  
César Augusto Guimarães Finger
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Miombo Woodland ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pterocarpus Angolensis ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Individual Trees

Pterocarpus angolensis DC and Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema are two hardwood species found in Miombo woodland. Crown size, being closely related to the photosynthetic capacity of a tree, is an important parameter in studies of the growth of individual trees. In this sense, the present study aimed to study the morphometric relationships of P. angolensis and B. madagascariensis as a resource to describe the morphometric features of these species. Data were sampled in 60 rectangular plots of 20 x 50 m, systematically distributed within the forest. In each plot, the diameter at breast height (DBH), height (h), crown insertion point (cih) and four crown radii of all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm were measured. Results indicated that crown diameter and crown length of P. angolensis grow as DBH and height increase, the larger the crown, the greater the trees dimensions; as for B. madagascariensis, crown features have shown low correlation when considering DBH. It was concluded that crown features influence on tree growth and are important measures of description and planning of silvicultural activities to be performed in natural forests. The results are of interest to forest managers since they make decisions about silvicultural operations. Keywords: crown dimensions; prediction models; umbila; pau-ferro; forest management.

Isoperimetric Problems in the Calculus of Variations

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 257-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Karush
Keyword(s):  
Calculus Of Variations ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Isoperimetric Problems ◽  
End Points ◽  
Sufficiency Theorems ◽  
Theory Of Fields ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Problem Of Bolza

We are concerned with establishing sufficiency theorems for minima of simple integrals of the parametric type in a class of curves with variable end points and satisfying isoperimetric side conditions. The results which are obtained involve no explicit assumptions of normality. Such results can be derived by transforming our problem to a problem of Bolza and using the latest developments in the theory of that problem. More recently [6] an indirect method of proof has been published. Our object is to present a direct method of proof without transformation of the problem which is based upon a generalization of the classical theory of fields.

scholarly journals Swedish Weight Sounding: A prospective portable soil investigation tools for liquefaction assessment of residential houses in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Yusa Muhamad ◽  
Bowman Elisabeth T. ◽  
Nugroho S.A
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Good Prospect ◽  
Torque Measurement ◽  
Liquefaction Potential ◽  
Potential Index ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
Liquefaction Assessment

National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) statistics show that the majority of earthquake affected buildings are residential houses, whereas in practice, soil investigation is rarely conducted for residential houses in Indonesia. This study is preliminary work on the prospective of Swedish Weight Sounding (SWST) for liquefaction assessment for residential houses. Material used is poorly graded sand. The number of half turns from SWST (NSW) per meter for very loose and loose clean fine sand ranges from 4 to 168 (equivalent to SPT 0-30). Liquefaction potential was assessed using an indirect method by converting NSW into equivalent NSPT and direct method. In general, the factor of safety obtained from the direct method is more conservative (thus giving lower liquefaction potential index) than the indirect method. Torque measured for material in this study ranged from 6-54 Nm, equivalent to a specific energy range from 7-70 N/mm2. Liquefaction assessment using SWST data with torque measurement also indicated the soil is liquefiable. SWST also may be able to detect sand ageing. In summary SWS has a good prospect as a highly portable and low cost investigation tool for liquefaction assessment of residential houses in Indonesia.

The pH of K-deficient muscle

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Eckel ◽  
Andrew W. Botschner ◽  
Don H. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Muscle Proteins ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Weak Bases ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
K Deficiency

The acid-base balance of muscle from control and K-deficient rats was studied. From the measured buffering capacity, 8–11 mEq excess of anions or deficit of cations would be required to acidify 100 gm fat-free dry weight of muscle, 0.5 pH units. No evidence of increased organic acids, increased anionic equivalence of muscle proteins, or of decreased concentrations of weak bases which are potential cations in cell acidosis was found. This evidence, supplemented with data in the literature, fails to account for the cell acidosis reported in the literature. Reliability of the ‘chloride space’ as a measure of the extracellular phase of muscle in K deficiency has been confirmed by showing its agreement with the ‘raffinose space.’ The cell pH has then been calculated from the distribution of CO2 in muscle (indirect method) and from the pH of muscle homogenates (direct method) in control and K-deficient animals. Control and K-deficient muscle pH's are, respectively, 6.89 and 6.83 by the direct method, and 7.11 and 7.05 by the indirect method.

Over Het Toetsen Van Het Schrijfvermogen in Het Moedertaalonderwijs

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 28-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wesdorp
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Global Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
Writing Competence ◽  
Comprehension Tests

Two methods for measuring 'writing competence' are discussed. We can try to measure on the one hand general language competence, and on the other hand specific writing competence. General and specific competences are strongly related, and it is postulated that general linguistic competence is much more important than the specific competences (for writing, reading, speaking and listening). The two ways for measuring writing competence are: 1) The direct method, which tries to judge the 'writing performance' of subjects. Essays are marked wholistically (the impressionistic or global method), analytically, or by means of a composition scale. In all cases more writing-products (i.e. essays) are needed, and more markers per essay to ensure a reliable and valid measurement. 2) The indirect method, which tries to measure the performance in other language areas than writing; the subject does not accomplish a real writing-task. Examples of this method are: the interlinear test, the multiple choice writing skills test, reading comprehension tests, cloze tests, etc. The direct method aims at the specific writing competence; the indirect method at general verbal competence. The first method is generally unreliable and consequently a weak predictor of the specific writing competence. The latter method is mostly reliable and in general predicts writing competence better, although the method cannot be as content-valid as the direct method. The different methods are compared on different points: reliability, predic-tive and content validity, efficiency and educational acceptability.

scholarly journals Estimating emission from gas power plant in palembang, indonesia using direct and indirect methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02037
Author(s):  
Gabriel Andari Kristanto ◽  
Alditho Farrasi Anantoputra
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Gas Power Plant ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Nowadays, almost every daily activity is supported by the availability of energy, especially electricity. As the Borang 60 MW Gas Power Plant in Palembang, Indonesia emits air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, and total particulate matter (total PM), an emission inventory needs to be developed. Various methods can be used in the inventory of emissions; among others are a direct method based on direct measurement and an indirect method which involves the calculation of total emissions by emission factor. This study aims to estimate the emissions from the gas power plant in Palembang using direct and indirect methods and analyze the most suitable emission factor for Indonesian conditions. The comparison between emissions measured by direct and indirect methods found that the indirect method using the emission factor of AP-42 gives more accurate results for SO2 and NOx, whereas the total emission of CO is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by Kurokawa et al. (2013); the median value of total PM is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by the IPCC.

scholarly journals Regional Forest Mapping over Mountainous Areas in Northeast China Using Newly Identified Critical Temporal Features of Sentinel-1 Backscattering

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Haoyang Yu ◽  
Wenjian Ni ◽  
Zhongjun Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Sun ◽  
Zhiyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Forest Mapping ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Regional Forest

Sentinel-1 provides an extraordinary opportunity to explore the temporal behavior of backscattering of C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) due to its unique capability of successive observations every 12 days. This study reported new findings on the critical temporal features of Sentinel-1 backscattering over mountainous forested areas in northeast China and their application in regional forest mapping. Two interesting phenomena were discovered through the analysis of 450 scenes of images acquired by Sentinel-1A or Sentinel-1B over an area of 318,898.62 km2. The first phenomenon was that the dates of the largest drops of backscattering coefficients over forest and non-forest plots were different during the transition from autumn to winter. The largest drop of non-forest plots occurred around the date of the minimum temperature decreasing below 0 °C, while that of forest plots occurred around the date of the maximum temperature decreasing below 0 °C. The second phenomenon was that at the dates where these two drops occurred, the magnitude of the drop was negatively correlated with the forest canopy coverage for the first date and positively correlated for the second date. Based on these two phenomena, two methods for the forest mapping, referred to as the direct method and the indirect method, were proposed using only three dates of Sentinel-1 images, i.e., Date1: before the minimum temperature decreased below 0 °C, Date2: after the minimum temperature decreased below 0 °C but before the maximum temperature decreased below 0 °C, and Date3: after the maximum temperature decreased below 0 °C. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the forest map produced by the direct method was 93.60%, while that by the indirect method was 93.80%. Their accuracies were comparable with those of forest maps derived from publicly released land cover maps, which was approximately 94.42% for the best one. This study proposed a new way to do large-scale forest mapping in annually frozen regions using as few Sentinel-1 SAR images as possible.

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