PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SCREENING OF EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI STEM-BARK

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (05) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
P. Y. Mali ◽  
◽  
S. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Screening ◽  
Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Extract Fraction

Euphorbia tirucalli L. is a flowering shrub or tiny tree, indigenous to temperate regions. It is useful in the treatment of whooping cough, asthma, dyspepsia, colic, jaundice and some more ailments. Aim of the present investigation was to study pharmacognostical and physico-chemical screening of E. tirucalli stem-bark. Fresh and dried stem-bark with powder of E. tirucalli was evaluated using macroscopic and microscopic appraisal. Physico-chemical, preliminary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative evaluation along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting analysis were performed. Macroscopic appraisal confirmed that E. tirucalli has herbaceous odour with tongue sensitizing bitter taste. Dried stems are greenish brown and surface is longitudinally finely striated. Microscopic appraisal of stem-bark consists of epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. Foreign matter was found to be 0.26%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ashes were found to be 3.66%, 0.33% and 3.39%, respectively. Loss on drying was 6.58%. Swelling and foaming index were 6.92 mL and 200 mL, respectively. Quantitative evaluation suggested that the stem-bark has 0.38% and 4.60% alkaloid and saponin contents, respectively. HPTLC fingerprinting of ET6 extract fraction showed Rf values 0.04 (255 nm, 365 nm), 0.20 (400 nm), 0.21 (290 nm), 0.27 (400 nm) and others at various concentrations. Present investigation aids in developing the quality control parameters for standardization of E. tirucalli stem-bark.

scholarly journals An impact of Mardana- A comperative study on Arogyavardhini Rasa

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Yuga Raj Sapkota ◽  
◽  
Prashant Bedarakar ◽  
Galib ◽  
V.J. Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Chromatographic Fingerprinting

Background: Arogyavardhini Rasa (AVR); a Kharaliya Rasakalpa containing rasavarga dravya (metallomineral ingredients) is widely used Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation having broad spectrum therapeutic indications. Current research is first effort to scientifically document quality control parameters of this important formulation. Aim: To establish a comparative pharmaceutico - analytical profile of AVR prepared with and without its metallomineral ingredients. Materials & Methods: Arogyavardhini Rasa (AVR) and modified Arogyavardhini Rasa (MAVR) without addition of its metallomineral ingredients were prepared and investigated for Physico-chemical parameters, qualitative tests for functional groups, Chromatography, quantitative elemental analysis by ICP-AES. Results & Discussion: An average of 2500ml Swarasa was required for optimum Mardana in both formulations. HPTLC study revealed a total of 11 and 8 bands at 254nm and 366nm in each AVR and MAVR with only two similar Rf values. Samples AVR, MAVR and MAVR with addition of Rasa Dhatukajjali showed 1.5226, 0.0117 and 1.703 % of mercury respectively. Conclusion: Mardana play significant role in development of Kharaliya Rasakalpa Both the formulations showed different through physicochemical profiles and ICP-AES analysis. Differences in chromatographic fingerprinting of AVR and MAVR are suggestive of changes in chemical constituents of the formulation due to addition of metallo minerals.

scholarly journals Quality Standards for Caturjata Carna Evaluated with Official and Substitute Ingredients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-699
Author(s):  
Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar ◽  
Rao Priyadarshini ◽  
Muthu Tamizh Manoharan ◽  
Rubeena M
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Cinnamomum Tamala ◽  
Physico Chemical

Background: In Ayurveda, single or multiple herbs mixed in a particular proportion are used for the treatment of different diseases. Caturjata Curna (CC) is a popular Ayurvedic medicine with therapeutic application in tastelessness, diseases due to vitiated Kapha, poisoning and discoloration. The present study is an attempt to standardize a polyherbal medicine CC. Methods: CC was prepared by mixing an equal proportion of ingredients including Tvak (Cinnamomum verum) - stem bark, Ela (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) - seed, Tvakpatra (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm.) - leaf and Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea L.) - stamen in equal parts as per guidelines in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Macro-microscopy, physico-chemical parameters, HPTLC fingerprinting, and spectroscopic parameters were determined according to standardised methodology available in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Results: Caturjata curna is brown coloured with a characteristic odour and aromatic taste. Powder microscopy showed the presence of diagnostic characters like horse shoe-shaped stone cells, perisperm cells with volatile oil droplets, paracytic stomata and endothecium layers of anthers indicating each ingredient of the formulation. HPTLC showed 13, 13 and 16 bands each under short UV, long UV and white light post derivatisation respectively in ethanolic extract of the formulation. Physico-chemical standards like loss on drying at 105º (10.39 %), total ash (4.1 %), acid-insoluble ash (0.90 %), ethanol- soluble extractive (10 %), water-soluble extractive (8.77 %) and pH of 10% aqueous solution (4.58) were recorded. The presence of cinnamaldehyde and 1-eicosene was confirmed by GC-MS and NMR studies. Conclusion: a monograph on quality standards for CC has been proposed which would serve as a document to control the quality of this polyherbal formulation.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and elemental analysis of the rhizome of C. spectabilis (Fenzl) Schumann (Costaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Salisu Shehu ◽  
Abdulmumin Z. Abubakar ◽  
Umar H. Danmalam ◽  
Najma Ilyas ◽  
Nuhu M. Danjuma
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Eye Infections ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Quality Control Parameters

The extract from the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Costaceae) has been used to treat many illnesses including eye infections and cataract. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of the rhizome by evaluating its macro-morphological characteristics, micro-morphological features using its anatomical section, physicochemical constants and elemental profile of its powder according to standard methods. Macro-morphology revealed features typical of a rhizome. Microscopical examination shows vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue of starch-filled cellulosic parenchyma, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and Oleoresin cells. Chemomicroscopy of the powder showed cellulosic cell walls, lignified cell walls, starch grains, fats and oil. The powder was found to have a moisture content of 12.3%, Total ash of 4.3%, acid insoluble ash of 2.0%, water soluble ash of 1.2%, water soluble extractive of 11.0% and alcohol soluble extractive of 6.5%. Elemental analysis showed the presence of Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cd at concentrations of 24.62, 2.63, 1449.21, 113.23, 36.50, 31.90, 86.93 and 1.23 mg/kg in the powder respectively. The study has established some pharmacognostic features and elemental composition of the rhizome of C. spectabilis. The information could serve useful in providing quality control parameters and standardization of the crude drug. Keywords: Macro-morphology; Microscopical; Physico-chemical; Standardization; Elemental analysis

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Physico-chemical Standardization of Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC.

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Maryam Ehsan ◽  
Muhammad Ibrar ◽  
Fazal Hadi ◽  
Barkatullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Monotheca Buxifolia ◽  
Phytochemical Profile

Monotheca buxifolia is an ethno-medicinally important plant of Pak-Afghan regions. The pharmacognostic standards of fruit, leaf, seed, barks of stem and root were set in present study. Microscopy revealed characteristic distinguishable powder drug fragments. Each part showed certain unique florescence behaviour with various reagents under light of various wavelengths. It has a broad spectrum phytochemical profile including amino acids and proteins, fats (fixed oils), sugars (both non reducing and reducing), alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, phenolics, saponins, phytosterols and anthocyanins. The fruit had 15.5% moisture contents seed and leaf had 8.5% each and stem and root bark had 9.5% each. The values of total ash were 7.0, 6.0, 4.5, 8.25 and 11.75%; values of water soluble ash were 4.9, 3.5, 0.5, 4.2 and 6.75%, while the values of acid insoluble ash 1.5, 1.75, 4.0, 3.75 and 4.25% in fruit pulp, leaf, stem bark, root bark and seeds, respectively. The fixed oil yield of M. buxifolia was measured to be 8.33, 10.62 and 0.56% in fruit pulp, seeds and leaves, respectively. Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Linolenic acid, Stearic acid and Myristic acid were the most frequently found fatty acids in each part. The plant is a rich source of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. The plant contained safe amounts of tested trace elements as directed by WHO except for cobalt in root bark (10.7±0.01) and lead in stem bark (22.48±0.33).  

Amorphous and Crystalline Particulates: Challenges and Perspectives in Drug Delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham Al-Obaidi ◽  
Mridul Majumder ◽  
Fiza Bari
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Amorphous Form ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
Amorphous Drug

Crystalline and amorphous dispersions have been the focus of academic and industrial research due to their potential role in formulating poorly water-soluble drugs. This review looks at the progress made starting with crystalline carriers in the form of eutectics moving towards more complex crystalline mixtures. It also covers using glassy polymers to maintain the drug as amorphous exhibiting higher energy and entropy. However, the amorphous form tends to recrystallize on storage, which limits the benefits of this approach. Specific interactions between the drug and the polymer may retard this spontaneous conversion of the amorphous drug. Some studies have shown that it is possible to maintain the drug in the amorphous form for extended periods of time. For the drug and the polymer to form a stable mixture they have to be miscible on a molecular basis. Another form of solid dispersions is pharmaceutical co-crystals, for which research has focused on understanding the chemistry, crystal engineering and physico-chemical properties. USFDA has issued a guidance in April 2013 suggesting that the co-crystals as a pharmaceutical product may be a reality; but just not yet! While some of the research is still oriented towards application of these carriers, understanding the mechanism by which drug-carrier miscibility occurs is also covered. Within this context is the use of thermodynamic models such as Flory-Huggins model with some examples of studies used to predict miscibility.

scholarly journals Silica Monolith for the Removal of Pollutants from Gas and Aqueous Phases

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Vanessa Miglio ◽  
Chiara Zaccone ◽  
Chiara Vittoni ◽  
Ilaria Braschi ◽  
Enrico Buscaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Silica Monoliths ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Gaseous Toluene ◽  
Mcm 41

This study focused on the application of mesoporous silica monoliths for the removal of organic pollutants. The physico-chemical textural and surface properties of the monoliths were investigated. The homogeneity of the textural properties along the entire length of the monoliths was assessed, as well as the reproducibility of the synthesis method. The adsorption properties of the monoliths for gaseous toluene, as a model of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), were evaluated and compared to those of a reference meso-structured silica powder (MCM-41) of commercial origin. Silica monoliths adsorbed comparable amounts of toluene with respect to MCM-41, with better performances at low pressure. Finally, considering their potential application in water phase, the adsorption properties of monoliths toward Rhodamine B, selected as a model molecule of water soluble pollutants, were studied together with their stability in water. After 24 h of contact, the silica monoliths were able to adsorb up to the 70% of 1.5 × 10−2 mM Rhodamine B in water solution.

Microscopic and Phytochemical analysis of Desmodium velutinum (Willd) DC and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Panchanga powder

2021 ◽  
pp. 2950-2956
Author(s):  
Jigyasa Pathak ◽  
Aswathi M. P. ◽  
B. R. Patel ◽  
Harisha C. R. ◽  
Shukla Vinay J.
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Therapeutic Purpose ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Collection Practices

Background: Desmodium velutinum (Fabaceae) is one of the wild edible plants used traditionally to treat diarrhoea, haematuria, infertility and also externally used to treat scorpion bites. Though various parts of the plant have been used for therapeutic purpose, panchanga of the plant has not been studied for its Pharmacognostical and phytochemical characteristics in detail, following scientific parameters. Hence in the present study Desmodium velutinum whole plant has been studied for its pharmacognostical and phytochemical characters and compared with commonly used species Desmodium gangeticum. Methods: Whole plant of Desmodim velutinum was collected from Paikmal, Odisha and Desmodium gangeticum was collected from Junagarh, Gujarat in the month of November 2019 following good collection practices and shade dried. Pharmacognostical study and analytical study were performed following standard pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Whole plant (Panchanga) of former is sweetish and latter is bitter. Powder microscopy of Desmodium gangeticum showed presence of rhomboidal crystals and lignified annular and spiral vessels. Desmodium velutinum showed presence of prismatic crystals and lignified pitted vessels. Physico-chemical analysis showed higher loss on drying in Desmodium gangeticum, and higher water soluble extractive values of Desmodium velutinum. Phytochemical estimation showed the presence of Proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates in both samples. HPTLC study showed similar Rf value 0.82 and 0.94 at 254 and 0.03 and 0.41 at 366nm. Conclusion: Basing upon the analytical and microscopic similarities Desmodium velutinum may be considered as substitute of Desmodium gangeticum

scholarly journals Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of Piper Longum L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 440-449
Author(s):  
Fathima Suman P ◽  
Minhaj . ◽  
I Arthi
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Piper Longum ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Constants

This study deals with the Pharmacognostical physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the whole plant of Piper longum L. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (10.8%), acid insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.2%), sulphated ash (12%), nitrated ash (1.85%), hot extraction (11.2%), water soluble extractive (4.8%), ethanol soluble extractive (12.4%), ether soluble extractive (5.6%), loss on drying (29%), swelling index (0.33) and mucilage content (0.8%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, mucilage, starch, steroid and flavonoids. This study helps to development of different standard parameters of the plant which help the plant identification and authentication. Keywords: Piper longum L., Whole plant, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Extract.

scholarly journals Status and Speciation of Silicon and Its Interaction with Physico-Chemical Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Isaiah Ufuoma Efenudu ◽  
Ehi Robert Orhue ◽  
Ogochukwu Jennifer Ikeh ◽  
Michael Aimiesomon Erhayimwen ◽  
Blessing James
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Soil Redox ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Negative Effect

The effectiveness of three different extractants soil mixtures—HCl, HCl + H2S04, and DTPA-TEA, in order to determine Si from soil and the forms of Silicon as influenced by different parent materials under acidic medium. Seven forms of Silicon; namely water soluble, specifically adsorbed, oxides bound, organic matter bound, exchangeable, residual, total viz sequential fractionation. Extractable Si value established in this study was (50.0 mg kg-1), indicating negative effect on plant physiology. The physico-chemical properties decreased significantly with increase in soil depth vs soil parent materials. In addition, the forms of Si in the parent materials decreased in the pattern RES, bound residual fractions > EXC, soluble & exchangeable fractions > OM, organic matter fraction. Among the properties the silt fraction, pH & OM significantly and positively correlated with the forms of silicon, with negative correlation vs clay which maybe due to silicon adsorption by clayey fraction of the soil (redox). Therefore the soil maybe be maintained and conserved for farming activities.

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