scholarly journals Positive Train Control (PTC): Calculating Benefits and Costs of a New Railroad Control Technology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph R. Resor ◽  
Michael E. Smith ◽  
Pradeep K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Class I ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Positive Train Control

The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the business benefits of Positive Train Control (PTC) for the Class I freight railroad industry. This report does not address the safety benefits of PTC. These were previously quantified by the Rail Safety Advisory Committee (RSAC), which identified nearly a thousand "PPAs" (PTC-preventable accidents) on U.S. railroads over a 12-year period, and determined the savings to be realized from each avoided accident. The RSAC finding was that avoidance of these PPAs was not, by itself, sufficient (from a strictly economic point of view) to justify an investment in PTC. Examples of potential business benefits include: * Line capacity enhancement * Improved service reliability * Faster over-the-road running times * More efficient use of cars and locomotives (made possible by real-time location information) * Reduction in locomotive failures (due to availability of real-time diagnostics) * Larger "windows" (periods during which no trains operate and maintenance workers can safely occupy the track) for track maintenance (made possible by real-time location information) * Fuel savings This paper presents the results of the analysis. It is important to recognize, however, that the state of the art in making these estimates is not sufficiently mature to make exact answers feasible. Presented here are the best estimates now possible, with observations as to how better information may be developed. Benefits were estimated in the above areas and the cost of deploying PTC on the Class I network (99,000 route miles and 20,000 locomotives) were calculated. The conclusions of the analysis were as follows: * Deployment of PTC on the Class I railroad network (99,000 route miles, 20,000 locomotives) would cost between $2.3 billion and $4.4 billion over five years * Annual benefits, once the system was fully implemented, were estimated at $2.2 billion to $3.8 billion * Internal rate of return was estimated (depending on timing and cost) to be between 44% and 160%

On the Road to SME Sector Development in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 480-499
Author(s):  
Syed Abidur Rahman ◽  
Noor Hazlina Ahmad ◽  
Seyedeh Khadijeh Taghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Road ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
On The Road

Entrepreneurship has been deliberated as multidimensional and multidisciplinary study. From the economic point of view entrepreneurship is the central force for economic development for any nation. Scholars and policy makers now have started to see entrepreneurship as panacea for inclusive growth. Entrepreneurships are most widely popular and discussed area. Study on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) has been maturing for the last decade as it has been regarded as significant player for the social development along with the economic development. In Bangladesh, SMEs account for a large proportion of the total establishments in various sectors. Considering the importance of the SME sector in Bangladesh, this study intends to explore and sketch-out the landscape of current SME setting in Bangladesh. With this aim the study has extensively carried out literature review, observed and understood the secondary data obtained from various organizations, and finally presented a policy driven recommendation (micro and macro level) which would enable to develop the SME sector in a developing country like Bangladesh.

Risk Assessment and Real Time Vulnerability Identification in IT Environments

2013 ◽  
pp. 229-253
Author(s):  
Laerte Peotta de Melo ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Lira Gondim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Software Update ◽  
Physical Location ◽  
Central Repository ◽  
External Point ◽  
Digital Asset

Contrary to static models of risk analysis, the authors propose a pro-active framework for identifying vulnerabilities and assessing risk in real-time. Instead of searching for vulnerabilities from an external point of view, where the information is obtained by simply exploring a digital asset (computational system composed of hardware and software), the authors propose that software agents (sensors) capable of providing application, configuration and location information be incorporated into assets. Any observed changes, such as physical location, software update or installation, hardware modifications, changes in security policy and others, will be immediately reported by the agent, in a pro-active manner, to a central repository. It is possible to assess risk in a certain environment comparing databases of rules and known vulnerabilities with information about each asset, collected by the sensors and stored in the central repository.

Risk Assessment and Real Time Vulnerability Identification in IT Environments

2013 ◽  
pp. 1592-1616
Author(s):  
Laerte Peotta de Melo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Lira Gondim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Software Update ◽  
Physical Location ◽  
Central Repository ◽  
External Point ◽  
Digital Asset

Contrary to static models of risk analysis, the authors propose a pro-active framework for identifying vulnerabilities and assessing risk in real-time. Instead of searching for vulnerabilities from an external point of view, where the information is obtained by simply exploring a digital asset (computational system composed of hardware and software), the authors propose that software agents (sensors) capable of providing application, configuration and location information be incorporated into assets. Any observed changes, such as physical location, software update or installation, hardware modifications, changes in security policy and others, will be immediately reported by the agent, in a pro-active manner, to a central repository. It is possible to assess risk in a certain environment comparing databases of rules and known vulnerabilities with information about each asset, collected by the sensors and stored in the central repository.

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF TRAMROAD ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arsen Dzhabrailov ◽  
Oleksii Palant
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Electric Transport ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Transport Services

Having completed a theoretical study of the conditions for the emergence of the main economic problems of tram enterprises functioning, the article gives a theoretical and economic evaluation of the prospects for the use of modern ballastless technologies in the construction / reconstruction of tram tracks. This proves the relevance of the chosen topic. The article also provides an analytical review on the current situation and prospects for the development of tramway track facilities of transport enterprises belonging to the communal property of city councils. The emphasis is made on recommendations for the implementation of the latest ballastless technologies for reconstruction / construction of tramways. A comparative characteristic of traditional (sleeper) and ballastless technologies is presented. It is proved that the latter is more profitable from the economic point of view, given its durability and a significant reduction in track maintenance costs, as well as preventing other negative manifestations inherent in outdated tram tracks – noise, vibration, wandering currents, etc. The possible negative tendencies of the ballastless technology application are characterized. The article also identifies the main causes of the crisis in urban electric transport and provides a detailed list of the main directions of reforming urban public electric transport. The formulated concept and measures for its implementation are undoubtedly an effective tool on the way to break even operation of municipal electric transport enterprises of the country. The measures envisaged will allow stabilizing the work of the industry enterprises, expanding the area of transport services for the population of cities, increasing the availability of transport services, putting things in order with speed, regularity, traffic safety and comfort of travel, increasing the attractiveness of urban electric transport and attracting new passengers. Therefore, we believe that in the future, during the reconstruction of existing and construction of new tramways, the implementation of projects based on the use of ballastless tracks will become the main structure of the superstructure of tramways in a megalopolis, taking into account its durability, environmental friendliness and efficiency during operation.

On the Road to SME Sector Development in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Abidur Rahman ◽  
Noor Hazlina Ahmad ◽  
Seyedeh Khadijeh Taghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Road ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
On The Road

Entrepreneurship has been deliberated as multidimensional and multidisciplinary study. From the economic point of view entrepreneurship is the central force for economic development for any nation. Scholars and policy makers now have started to see entrepreneurship as panacea for inclusive growth. Entrepreneurships are most widely popular and discussed area. Study on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) has been maturing for the last decade as it has been regarded as significant player for the social development along with the economic development. In Bangladesh, SMEs account for a large proportion of the total establishments in various sectors. Considering the importance of the SME sector in Bangladesh, this study intends to explore and sketch-out the landscape of current SME setting in Bangladesh. With this aim the study has extensively carried out literature review, observed and understood the secondary data obtained from various organizations, and finally presented a policy driven recommendation (micro and macro level) which would enable to develop the SME sector in a developing country like Bangladesh.

Real Time Monitoring of Vehicle/Track Interaction

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Najikovsky ◽  
Kevin Kesler ◽  
Jeffrey Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Wireless Communication Network ◽  
Code Division Multiple

ENSCO, Inc. has developed the next generation of real time Vehicle Track Interaction (V/TI) Monitoring system. The system provides continuous measurement of car body, truck motions and axle impacts. Software detects various acceleration events, tag them with GPS time and location information, and deliver the data to a central processing system through the latest Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communication network. Upon delivery, the information is automatically tagged with milepost and subdivision or other geographic reference and loaded into an enterprise database management system. The data is available in near real time via the web on maps of the track and track infrastructure where users have the option of generating tabular reports or viewing the actual waveform of the acceleration event. In addition, the system offers real time pager and email notifications of predefined user events. This system automatically provides real time monitoring and detection of track profile and alignment problems, battered joints, rail-end mismatch, misaligned switches and damaged frogs. The information generated by this system helps railroads prioritize maintenance for these track anomalies that can cause equipment or lading damage. The location information picked up by the system allows railroads to navigate back to the track areas for follow up remedial actions or enhance track maintenance planning decisions. There are over 60 systems in operation on passenger and freight railroads. This paper will address the technology behind the monitoring, the events detected in the field, and how the system can be used to supplement traditional track inspection technologies.

scholarly journals Relationships between reproduction parameters in dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Gábor Bakos ◽  
Szabina Béki ◽  
Szabolcs Pócza ◽  
Ádám Nagy ◽  
Szandra Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Service Period

The aim of the reproductive management of dairy farms is to keep low the days in milk (DIM). Milk production can be profitable only in that case. Calvings make only low DIM. From the economic point of view, to evaluate the amount of the calving is not simple because in many cases the insemination and the calving are not in the same year. We wanted to find a reproduction parameter, which is easy to record, available real time, and corrrelate well with other parameters. We collected reproduction data from 21 farms from 2016. Average numbers of cows, number of the ai (artificial insemination) in cows, number of cows pregnancies, open days (OD), service period (SP), time of first ai (TFAI), conception rate of first ai (CRFAI), conception rate of all ai (CRSAI) were collected. The number of the pregnant cows were grouped, pregancies under 120 days after calving -U120- and pregnancies above 200 -A200- days after calving. The economical effect of open days are well-known. OD correlated with the rate of the pregnancies under 120 days after calving (r = -0.802; P ≤ 0.001). The open days correlated with the rate of the pregnancis above 200 days after calving (r = 0.889; P ≤ 0.001). If the rate of U120 is high, the rate of pregnant cows (ROPC) will be high too (r = 0.611; P = 0.003). A200 is in negative relation with ROPC (r = -0.525; P = 0.015). OD correlated with TFAI (r = 0.562; P = 0.008). ROPC correlated with TFAI (r = -0.457; P = 0.037). OD correlated with SP (r = 0.778; P ≤ 0.001). SP is in negative correlation with CRFAI and CRSAI (r = - 0.577, P = 0.006; r = - 0.773, P ≤ 0.001). SP correlated with U120 and A200 (r= - 0.572, P = 0.007; r = 0.788 P ≤ 0.001). Our study shows that the rate of the pregnant cows are stasistically correlated with many important reproduction parameters. The measurement of the number of pregnant cows is easy, available real time and it has important economical effect on milk production. In summary, the number of pregnant cows is a useful parameter to evaluate the reproductive performance and current status of the farms.

Development and Application of Quality Control System for Highway Subgrade Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
System Development ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
The Road ◽  
Whole Process

The compaction quality of the subgrade is directly related to the service life of the road. Effective control of the subgrade construction process is the key to ensuring the compaction quality of the subgrade. Therefore, real-time, comprehensive, rapid and accurate prediction of construction compaction quality through informatization detection method is an important guarantee for speeding up construction progress and ensuring subgrade compaction quality. Based on the function of the system, this paper puts forward the principle of system development and the development mode used in system development, and displays the development system in real-time to achieve the whole process control of subgrade construction quality.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

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