scholarly journals Pollen Allergy; Mechanism and Etiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Shazia Choudhary ◽  
Mamoona Noreen ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Muhammad Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Pollen Allergy ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pollen Allergens ◽  
Normal Healthy Individual ◽  
Foreign Molecule ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

The term allergy refers to an exaggerated immune response to a foreign molecule. In a normal healthy individual, this foreign molecule will act as a harmless antigen, as it will be recognized & cleared by the immune system without causing any significant damage to host tissues. In certain individuals, such antigens stimulate immune system in such a way that a series of exaggerated immune response are generated against it, leading to significant tissue injury and damage to the host. Such as exaggerated immune response may also cause death of the patient. Such antigen is termed as an allergen. Allergy is categorised under Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions occur when an antigen acting as an allergen attacks the immune system of the host and causes excessive stimulation of mast cells and basophils. This is followed by the release of allergy mediators which are responsible for causing local or systemic anaphylaxis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjuctivitis. Type I allergens are of various types, the mechanism of action is same; however underlying factors may differ in each type. This article is about pollen allergens, in specific & will discuss the common sources of pollen allergens in Pakistan, the relevance and the factors behind pollen allergy.   

scholarly journals The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yu Lei ◽  
Ying-Ze Ye ◽  
Xi-Qun Zhu ◽  
Daniel Smerin ◽  
Li-Juan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

Effects of magnolialide isolated from the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) on immunoglobulin E-mediated type I hypersensitivity in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehun Lee ◽  
Sooryun Lee ◽  
Kyeong Ho Kim ◽  
Ki-Bong Oh ◽  
Jongheon Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Type I ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

The C-terminal domain of Salmonid Alphavirus nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) is essential and sufficient to block RIG-I pathway induction and interferon-mediated antiviral response.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Jami ◽  
Emilie Mérour ◽  
Julie Bernard ◽  
Annie Lamoureux ◽  
Jean K. Millet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Nuclear Localization Sequences

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is an atypical alphavirus, which has a considerable impact on salmon and trout farms. Unlike other alphaviruses such as the chikungunya virus, SAV is transmitted without an arthropod vector, and does not cause cell shut-off during infection. The mechanisms by which SAV escapes the host immune system remain unknown. By studying the role of SAV proteins on the RIG-I signaling cascade, the first line of defense of the immune system during infection, we demonstrated that non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) effectively blocks the induction of type I interferon (IFN). This inhibition, independent of the protease activity carried by nsP2, occurs downstream of IRF3 which is the transcription factor allowing the activation of the IFN promoter and its expression. The inhibitory effect of nsP2 on the RIG-I pathway depends on the localization of nsP2 in the host cell nucleus which is linked to two nuclear localization sequences (NLS) located in its C-terminal part. The C-terminal domain of nsP2 by itself is sufficient and necessary to block IFN induction. Mutation of the NLS of nsP2 is deleterious to the virus. Finally, nsP2 does not interact with IRF3, indicating that its action is possible through a targeted interaction within discrete areas of chromatin, as suggested by its punctate distribution observed in the nucleus. These results therefore demonstrate a major role for nsP2 in the control by SAV of the host cell’s innate immune response. Importance The global consumption of fish continues to rise and the future demand cannot be met by capture fisheries alone due to limited stocks of wild fish. Aquaculture is currently the world’s fastest growing food production sector with an annual growth rate of 6-8 %. Recurrent outbreaks of SAV result in significant economic losses with serious environmental consequences on wild stocks. While the clinical and pathological signs of SAV infection are fairly well known, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly described. In the present study, we focus on the non-structural protein nsP2 and characterize a specific domain containing nuclear localization sequences that are critical for the inhibition of the host innate immune response mediated by the RIG-I pathway.

Biomarkers for non-human primate Type-I hypersensitivity: Antigen-specific immunoglobulin E assays

2013 ◽  
Vol 392 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcey Clark ◽  
Faith Shiota ◽  
Carla Forte ◽  
Padma Narayanan ◽  
Daniel T. Mytych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity ◽  
Human Primate

Effect of perennial dust mites allergy on symptom severity of autumn allergic rhinitis in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
Qingqing Xu ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Luo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Pollen Allergy ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Dust Mites ◽  
Pollen Allergens ◽  
Ocular Symptoms ◽  
Artemisia Argyi ◽  
Ige Mediated

Background: Multiple immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated sensitizations and/or allergies often coexist in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Several simultaneous allergen exposures in multiple IgE-mediated sensitizations and/or allergies may increase the allergen load and be related to disease severity. No study has verified whether positive allergen serum IgE levels and allergen categories together are associated with AR severity in adults. Objective: To investigate the effects of perennial dust mites (DMs) allergy and multiple serum sIgE-mediated autumn pollen allergy coexistence on symptom severity in adult patients with AR in autumn. Methods: In total, 153 patients with AR and with autumn pollen allergy (Artemisia argyi, ragweed, and hop) with or without DMs allergy were recruited in the autumn pollen season. Symptom severity was assessed by using the Chinese version of the visual analog scale (VAS): four rhinitis symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, and nasal congestion) and two ocular symptoms (ocular itching and/or grittiness and/or redness, and ocular tearing) were scored at approximately the same period. We measured allergen serum sIgE levels for the inhaled allergens. The effects of DMs allergy and multiple autumn pollen allergy coexistence on symptom severity were analyzed. Results: Neither the sum of the autumn pollen allergens categories (total number of positive autumn pollen allergens, i.e., Artemisia argyi or ragweed or hop positive: 1; Artemisia argyi and ragweed positive: 2; Artemisia argyi, ragweed, and hop positive: 3) nor serum sIgE levels( total sIgE levels of positive autumn pollen allergens) exerted any influence on the severity of nasal and ocular symptoms (p > 0.05). When the concomitant DMs allergy status was considered, the sum of the positive autumn pollen allergen categories and accumulated positive autumn pollen and DMs serum sIgE levels (total levels of serum sIgE of positive autumn pollen allergens plus the levels of serum sIgE of DMs) had no influence on patients’ symptom severity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The coexistence of perennial DMs allergy and multiple autumn pollen allergy did not affect the severity of symptoms among adult patients with AR and with autumn pollen allergy in autumn.

scholarly journals Fungal allergens.

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E Horner ◽  
A Helbling ◽  
J E Salvaggio ◽  
S B Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fungal Allergens ◽  
Fungal Allergy ◽  
Airborne Fungal Spores ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity ◽  
Allergy Prevalence

Airborne fungal spores occur widely and often in far greater concentrations than pollen grains. Immunoglobulin E-specific antigens (allergens) on airborne fungal spores induce type I hypersensitivity (allergic) respiratory reactions in sensitized atopic subjects, causing rhinitis and/or asthma. The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is imprecisely known but is estimated at 20 to 30% of atopic (allergy-predisposed) individuals or up to 6% of the general population. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of allergy to fungi require well-characterized or standardized extracts that contain the relevant allergen(s) of the appropriate fungus. Production of standardized extracts is difficult since fungal extracts are complex mixtures and a variety of fungi are allergenic. Thus, the currently available extracts are largely nonstandardized, even uncharacterized, crude extracts. Recent significant progress in isolating and characterizing relevant fungal allergens is summarized in the present review. Particularly, some allergens from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium are now thoroughly characterized, and allergens from several other genera, including some basidiomycetes, have also been purified. The availability of these extracts will facilitate definitive studies of fungal allergy prevalence and immunotherapy efficacy as well as enhance both the diagnosis and therapy of fungal allergy.

Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Stroke: Good Or Bad?

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. McCombe ◽  
S. J. Read
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Regulatory Lymphocytes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Inflammatory and immune responses play important roles following ischaemic stroke. Inflammatory responses contribute to damage and also contribute to repair. Injury to tissue triggers an immune response. This is initiated through activation of the innate immune system. In stroke there is microglial activation. This is followed by an influx of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain, triggered by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory response contributes to further tissue injury. There is also a systemic immune response to stroke, and there is a degree of immunosuppression that may contribute to the stroke patient's risk of infection. This immunosuppressive response may also be protective, with regulatory lymphocytes producing cytokines and growth factors that are neuroprotective. The specific targets of the immune response after stroke are not known, and the details of the immune and inflammatory responses are only partly understood. The role of inflammation and immune responses after stroke is twofold. The immune system may contribute to damage after stroke, but may also contribute to repair processes. The possibility that some of the immune response after stroke may be neuroprotective is exciting and suggests that deliberate enhancement of these responses may be a therapeutic option.

scholarly journals Effects of Breastfeeding on the Baby and on Its Immune System

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars A. Hanson ◽  
Ursula Wiedermann ◽  
Rifat Ashraf ◽  
Shakila Zaman ◽  
Ingegrad Adlerberth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Human milk is a very complex fluid with a number of components and multiple functions. New functions are continually being identified. It is clear that human milk can affect the immune system of the breasfed infant. This results both in enhanced vaccine responses and, at times, down-regulation of other immune reactivities, such as transplant rejection and the risk of developing certain immunologic diseases, such as type I diabetes. Breastfeeding presumably gives the infant the possibility for an optimal immune response by providing good nutrition, including a decreased risk of vitamin A deficiency. The control of the intestinal flora and the anti-inflammatory effects of maternal milk also increase the possibilities for an adequate immune response in the infant. Further study is needed of the roles of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies, growth factors, cytokines, and various anti-inflammatory factors in the maternal milk in the infant's host defence.

scholarly journals Yolkin Isolated from Hen Egg Yolk as a Natural Immunoregulator, Activating Innate Immune Response in BMDM Macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
W. Kazana ◽  
M. Mitkiewicz ◽  
M. Ochnik ◽  
M. Sochocka ◽  
A. Zambrowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hen Egg Yolk ◽  
Hen Egg

One of the goals of biomedical sciences is to search and identify natural compounds that are safe, have no side effects, and possess immunostimulatory activity. It has been proven that medicines of natural origin can be effective agents, supporting the therapy of many diseases, not only in the weakened immune system of the body but also in the prevention of many diseases in healthy people. It has been shown that yolkin, a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk as a fraction accompanying immunoglobulin Y (IgY), possesses potential biological activity. However, the mechanism of its action has not been explained. The objective of this investigation was to examine the molecular mechanisms of innate immune response, activated in response to yolkin, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). It was shown that yolkin induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-kinases (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and upregulated expression and production of type I interferons, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), and nitric oxide (NO), in BMDM cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK kinases, we revealed that the JNK signaling cascade is required for yolkin-induced inducible NOS expression and upregulation of NO production in mouse macrophages. Using the TLR4-deficient BMDM cell line, we established that yolkin can activate macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner. It was also shown that NO, TNF-α, and type I IFNs (α/β) produced by BMDM cells in response to yolkin triggered antiviral activity. These data indicate that yolkin affects the regulation of the immune system and antiviral response; therefore, it can be used as an effective immunostimulator of the innate immunity or as a supplement of the conventional therapy of immunodeficiency.

SLPI and elafin: one glove, many fingers

2005 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Williams ◽  
Thomas I. Brown ◽  
Ali Roghanian ◽  
Jean-Michel Sallenave
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Related Proteins

Elafin and SLPI (secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor) have multiple important roles both in normal homoeostasis and at sites of inflammation. These include antiprotease and antimicrobial activity as well as modulation of the response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. Elafin and SLPI are members of larger families of proteins secreted predominantly at mucosal sites, and have been shown to be modulated in multiple pathological conditions. We believe that elafin and SLPI are important molecules in the controlled functioning of the innate immune system, and may have further importance in the integration of this system with the adaptive immune response. Recent interest has focused on the influence of inflamed tissues on the recruitment and phenotypic modulation of cells of the adaptive immune system and, indeed, the local production of elafin and SLPI indicate that they are ideally placed in this regard. Functionally related proteins, such as the defensins and cathelicidins, have been shown to have direct effects upon dendritic cells with potential alteration of their phenotype towards type I or II immune responses. This review addresses the multiple functions of elafin and SLPI in the inflammatory response and discusses further their roles in the development of the adaptive immune response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document