scholarly journals A Study on Hand Contamination and Hand Washing Practices among Medical Students

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watutantrige Ranjit De Alwis ◽  
Premalatha Pakirisamy ◽  
Lum Wai San ◽  
Evelyn Chen Xiaofen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Transmit Disease

Harmful microorganisms can be transferred to hands from contaminated surfaces people come into contact in daily life. Contaminated hands can transmit disease to one self as well as to others. A study was done to determine the extent to which hand hygiene practices and toilet door knobs contribute to the bacterial load of hands of toilet users in a medical school. Swabs were taken from a randomly selected sample of 60 medical students for bacterial count from both hands before and after toilet use and from door knobs of six toilets. Only 40 (66.7%) claimed they washed hands with soap. Significantly more females (83%) used soap to wash hands compared to males (50%). Bacterial load in the hands of both males and females showed an increase after toilet use. The increase was significant among male students. The dominant hand had a significantly higher bacterial load than the other. The mean bacterial load of male toilet door knobs (12 CFU/cm2) were significantly higher than of female toilet door knobs (2.5 CFU/cm2) (P<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the hands of 21 students. Toilets and washrooms should be designed so as to eliminate the sources of contamination of the hands.

scholarly journals Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Bhima Neupane ◽  
Kanaklata Iyer ◽  
Brihaspati Sigdel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students. Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined. Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students. Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.  

scholarly journals Dynamics of Bacterial Hand Contamination During Routine Neonatal Care

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmem Lúcia Pessoa-Silva ◽  
Sasi Dharan ◽  
Stéphane Hugonnet ◽  
Sylvie Touveneau ◽  
Klara Posfay-Barbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Before And After

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the dynamics of bacterial contamination of healthcare workers' (HCWs) hands during neonatal care.Setting:The 20-bed neonatal unit of a large acute care teaching hospital in Geneva, Switzerland.Methods:Structured observation sessions were conducted. A sequence of care began when the HCW performed hand hygiene and ended when the activity changed or hand hygiene was performed again. Alcohol-based handrub was the standard procedure for hand hygiene. An imprint of the five fingertips of the dominant hand was obtained before and after hand hygiene and at the end of a sequence of care. Regression methods were used to model the final bacterial count according to the type and duration of care and the use of gloves.Results:One hundred forty-nine sequences of care were observed. Commensal skin flora comprised 72.4% of all culture-positive specimens (n = 360). Other microorganisms identified were Enterobacteriaceae (n = 55, 13.8%); Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10, 2.5%); and fungi (n = 7,1.8%). Skin contact, respiratory care, and diaper change were independently associated with an increased bacterial count; the use of gloves did not fully protect HCWs' hands from bacterial contamination.Conclusions:These data confirm that hands become progressively contaminated with commensal flora and potential pathogens during neonatal care, and identify activities at higher risk for hand contamination. They also reinforce the need for hand hygiene after a sequence of care, before starting a different task, and after glove removal.

scholarly journals STRESS ASSESSMENT IN MBBS FIRST YEAR STUDENTS BEFORE AND AFTER STRESS MANAGEMENT TRAINING DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN: A NORTH INDIAN STUDY.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Kumari ◽  
Sangeeta B Singh ◽  
Shikhaa Mahajan ◽  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
Rajiv Ranjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Stress Management ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Male Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Stress Management Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Teaching Pattern

Introduction: Stress is a well known contributor of many diseases. Corona virus infection pandemic has added stress in everyone’s life. Medical students have been reported to feel more depressed, anxious and stressed due to numerous factors in previous research. There has been lot of stress due to shutdown of colleges and modification of teaching pattern. Material and method: This study was planned to estimate the stress in First year MBBS students of SHKM GMC Nalhar, Nuh, Mewat, Haryana, India to explore the stress prevalence and factors causing stress in the students. Then a stress management training was given to the students. After one month the analysis was repeated to assess the feedback, which fell into the lockdown period observed during COVID-19 pandemic. Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) was used to assess stress. Results and observation: The stress was found to be mild in 43 (35 %), moderate in 66 (55%), high in 11 (9%) among students.(Figure 1 A) After one month, the stress reported was mild in 67 (55.83%), moderate in 41 (34.17%), high in 12 (10%).(Figure 1 B) Stress was reported by 64.35% male students on first instance while 47.52% on second. Female students also displayed a fall in stress from 63.15% to 26.31%. Conclusion: Stress was detected in more than fifty percent First professional medical students in SHKM GMC Mewat, Haryana, which was reduced after stress management training. It is proposed that stress management training should be given in MBBS first professional and during pandemic like Coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Empathy among Medical Students Studying Different Curricula: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Shezadi Sabah Imran ◽  
Ariba Umer ◽  
Asifa Khan ◽  
Bushra Bibi ◽  
Aqsa Zainab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Integrated Curriculum ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Traditional Curriculum ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Empathy Score ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Objective: To determine and compare empathy among medical students, studying two different curricula.Study Design: Cross Sectional.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Community Medicine of WahMedical College, Wah Cantt from January 2018 to June 2018.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on second and fourth year MBBS students. The sample sizewas 90, calculated by Open Epi calculator and the students were selected by using stratified random samplingtechnique. A data collection tool comprised of two parts; demographic information about the individual wascollected in the first part and second part was based on Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. The questionnaire had16 questions and scored between 0-64. The questions were responded on a Likert scale of never, rarely,sometimes, often and always. The data was analyzed by using software program of SPSS version 20. Descriptivestatistics and Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the mean scores of empathy of students studyingdifferent curricula.Results: Mean score of empathy among students was 42.89+ 8.535. Mean empathy score of 2 year studentsth nd was 45.58 +7.203 and 4 year students came out to be 40.20 +8.981. Empathy was statistically significant in 2 year students and in female students; female students' empathy score was 46.38 while male students score was 39.40.Conclusion: It is concluded that 2 year students who studied integrated curriculum showed higher empathyth scores than 4 year students studying traditional curriculum. Moreover, female students showed significantlyhigher empathy scores as compared to the male students.

scholarly journals Effect of use varying ratios from fat with minced meat on bacterial load

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Fouad Kamil Salum
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Minced Meat

This study designed to know the effect of use different ration from mixing between minced meat With fat on total bacterial count of meat ( 80) sample was examine through the period of this study (40 sample for minced meat and 40 sample for minced fat) collected from shops in Baghdad city. The results showed the means of bacterial count was rise for the group contained just minced meat without any mixing in means reach to 9.6x 10 cfu \ml follow it with second group which include only minced fat by count 5.5x10 cfu\ml, and the study showed also decrease in bacterial count for (3) mixing groups ( fat with meat ), so the bacteria count for the third group which included 5%, from fat 1.1x10 cfu\ml and 1.3x10 for each of fourth and fifth group which contain the percent of fat10%,20%0n respectively. Also the study shows presence of a significant difference in ( p<0.05) between different mixing group (meat with fat) from one side to two qroups which included meat and fat only. Also recorded significant difference and in the same level in the mean of bacterial count between the first group which contain minced meat only, and the second one which contain fat only, there is no significant difference in mean of bacterial count among varying mixing group from statistical side but record obvious and important decline hygienically in bacterial count for each group. The study showed the best mixing percent for fat with minced meat were 10%,20% respectively which recorded the less bacterial count in each of these two groups. Conclusion mix fat with meat in ratios (10% - 20%) to get the beast decreas in bacterial load of meat .

scholarly journals Bacterial load of the surface of some selected Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
S.M. Rufa’I
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Automated Teller Machines ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Automatic Teller Machine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

An Automated Teller Machine (ATM), also known as Automated Banking Machine (ABM) or cash machine and several other names, is a computerized telecommunication device that provides access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier or other intermediaries. The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) has been widely used due to its convenience but also serves as a source of bacterial contamination. The aim of this work was to determine the bacterial load of surfaces of selected ATMs in Kano metropolis. Swab samples were collected from four (4) selected areas and ten (10) different study sites. The samples were collected using swabbing technique and standard plate count was employed for the enumeration of bacterial counts. The mean bacterial counts ranged between the lowest count of 1.20 x 102cfu/cm2 and the highest count of 1.78 x 102cfu/cm2 and the mean count of individual machine ranged from 1.70 x 101 cfu/cm2 upto 6.00 x 101cfu/cm2. All the ATMs were found to be contaminated. It could thus be concluded that the ATMs studied present a very great risk factor for cross contamination. The general public should therefore be enlightened on the possible health hazards associated with such items like ATMs and thus advised for strict personal hygiene and regular washing of hands before and after contact with ATMs so as to reduce the possible transfer of bacterial diseases and/or infections. Keywords: Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Bacteria, Contamination, Kano metropolis.

Are battlefield and prehospital trauma scenarios an effective educational tool to teach leadership and crisis resource management skills to undergraduate medical students?

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (E) ◽  
pp. e34-e37
Author(s):  
Matt Ellington ◽  
S Farrukh
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Crisis Resource Management ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

IntroductionLeadership and crisis resource management (CRM) skills are important skills for doctors, however there is a recognised lack of undergraduate leadership education. There remains debate over how best to teach leadership and CRM skills, and poor leadership skills among clinicians are associated with adverse patient outcomes. We examined whether high-fidelity battlefield and prehospital scenarios can improve leadership and CRM skills.MethodThis was a prospective observational study with students self-reporting their leadership and CRM skills using the Ottawa Crisis Resource Management Global Ranking Scale (OCRMGRS) before and after completing the Cambridge University Emergency Medicine Society Battlefield and Pre-Hospital Trauma course. The course involves a mixture of small group tutorials and practical high-fidelity battlefield and prehospital trauma scenarios. Faculty also completed the OCRMGRS for the first and last candidates at the scenarios. The mean precourse versus mean postcourse score of the OCRMGRS was analysed using a two-tailed t-test.Results46 students completed paired OCRMGRS before and after the course. The mean precourse scores for each of the domains (leadership, communication skills, resource utilisation, problem solving skills and situational awareness) were calculated. There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in both self-reported and faculty-reported scores across all domains, and the increase remained at 1-year follow-up.ConclusionsLeadership and CRM skills are important non-clinical skills for doctors, however there is debate over how best to teach them. High-fidelity battlefield and prehospital trauma scenarios are an effective means of teaching leadership and CRM skills to civilian medical students.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practices of Meat Hygiene among Meat Handlers and Microbial Profile of Meat in the Jos Abattoir, Plateau State

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
CA Miner ◽  
HA Agbo ◽  
AP Dakhin ◽  
P Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plateau State

Background: Meat handling and sanitation practices can have resultant effects on the quality of meat sold to the public. The study aimed to determine the knowledge and practices of meat hygiene amongst meat handlers. It also sought to determine the microbial profile of meat sold in the Jos abattoir of Plateau State. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted among 128 butchers and meat handlers in the Jos abattoir selected by total population sampling technique. Data on knowledge and practice was collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Sampled meat products were analysed for bacterial load using Serial Dilution technique and bacterial pathogens identified by standard procedures. Epi Info statistical software was used for data analysis at a 95% confidence limit. Results: The mean age of respondents was 32.8 ± 10.4 years and all were males. A fair knowledge of meat hygiene was found among 55.5% of respondents while 8.6% were adjudged to have good meat hygiene practices. The mean bacterial load for sampled meat for sale was 2.5 x 103 ± 3.4 cfu/ml. Main bacterial isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp and Enterobacter spp.Conclusion: In this study knowledge of meat hygiene was mostly fair among respondents with a low level of meat hygiene practices and a high level of meat bacterial contamination. The study recommended training for meat handlers for hygiene maintenance, increased inspection of meat sold to the public and provision of standard facilities to ensure the maintenance of a good level of meat hygiene.

scholarly journals “The Heart is a House”: A Heuristic for Generating Cardiac Differential Diagnoses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238212052110352
Author(s):  
Malavika Pia Sengupta ◽  
Timothy N Crawford ◽  
Frederic Stuart Leeds
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Mnemonic Devices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Clinical Reasoning Skill ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND Differential diagnosis (DDx) is a core clinical reasoning skill that all medical students and physicians must acquire and develop. Metamemory techniques (MMTs), including mnemonic devices and other heuristics, are frequently taught to students as a means of enhancing DDx generation. The Heart is A House (HIAH) , an MMT that works by prompting students to think about cardiac disease in terms of four structural subsystems, can be used to facilitate the generation of cardiac differentials, but its efficacy has not been studied. METHODS In a 3-hour DDx workshop, second-year medical students were given a brief case vignette of a patient with chest pain and dyspnea and asked to generate initial differential diagnoses before and after learning HIAH. Descriptive statistics and paired T-tests were used to compare the sizes of cardiac-only and total differentials pre-/post-HIAH. Cardiac diagnoses were classified according to the structural categories described by HIAH, and Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) was used to evaluate the effect of HIAH on the variety of cardiac diagnoses produced. RESULTS All students in the course ( N = 111) submitted pre-post differential lists. The mean number of diagnoses included in their differentials did not change significantly after exposure to HIAH (7.98 vs. 8.71, P = .09). However, the number of potentially correct cardiac diagnoses increased from 1.79 to 4.75 ( P < .0001), and the variety of structure/function cardiac categories considered by students increased more than twofold (from an SDI of 0.16 to 0.4, P < .0001). These increases were accompanied by a small increase in incorrect diagnoses ( + 2.47%, P = .0003) and a larger decrease in potentially correct noncardiac diagnoses (−41.88%, P < .0001). CONCLUSION The use of HIAH was associated with an increase in the size and variety of cardiac differentials. This increase may have come at the cost of a reduced noncardiac differential. Educators may find HIAH useful for guiding students as they reason through cases involving potential cardiac etiologies. As with all heuristics, care must be exercised to avoid introducing unwanted bias.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effect of Honey on Streptococcus Mutans of Dental Plaque

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
NR Yadav ◽  
BK Garla ◽  
VK Reddy ◽  
S Tandon ◽  
S Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Definite Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Purpose Dental plaque consists of various pathogenic microorganisms like streptococcus mutans. Since ancient times it has been proved that honey has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antimutagenic and antitumour effect. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of honey on streptococcus mutans count before and after application of honey at a definite time interval. Material and Method The antimicrobial effect of Honey (Dabur honey, Dabur India) was tested on 20 volunteers from SGT Dental College who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Plaque samples were collected from 6 teeth of all 20 individuals at baseline. Then, after 2 hours honey was applied with cotton applicator using paint on technique. After one hour of application, plaque samples were collected again from the same teeth. All the collected plaque samples were cultured on MSA agar plates and colonies were counted. Results Paired T test was applied to compare the mean bacterial count before and after application. After honey application, it was observed that the colony count of streptococcus mutans was reduced in significant amount. Conclusion - It was concluded from the study that honey has antimicrobial effect on streptococcus mutans.

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