The Uses Of Reasonableness In The Constitutional Interpretation And Arbitration:, A Comparative And Theoretical Analysis About The Law In Action

2017 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
سيلفيا زورزيتو
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
The Law

Modeling, Analysis, and Function Extension of the McKibben Hydraulic Artificial Muscles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqing Chen ◽  
He Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Soft Robots ◽  
The Law ◽  
Soft Actuators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Compared with rigid robots, flexible robots have soft and extensible bodies enforcing their abilities to absorb shock and vibration, hence reducing the impact of probable collisions. Due to their high adaptability and minimally invasive features, soft robots are used in various fields. The McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles are the most popular soft actuator because of the controllability of hydraulic actuator and high force to weight ratio. When its deformation reaches a certain level, the actuators can be stopped automatically without any other braking mechanism. The research of McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is beneficial to the theoretical analysis of soft actuators in the mechanical system. The design of soft actuators with different deformations promotes the development of soft robots. In this paper, a static modeling of the McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is established, and its correctness is verified by theoretical analysis and experiment. In this model, the deformation mechanism of the artificial muscle and the law of output force is put forward. The relationship between muscle pressure, load, deformation, and muscle design parameters is presented through the mechanical analysis of the braid, elastic tube, and sealed-end. The law of the muscle deformation with high pressure is predicted. The reason for the muscle’s tiny elongation with extremely high pressure is found through the analysis of the relationship between the angle of the braid, the length of single braided thread, and the pressure. With the increase of pressure, the angle of the braid tends to a fixed value. As the stress of braided thread increases, so does its length. The length changes obviously when the stress is extremely enormous. The angle of the braid and the length of the braided thread control the deformation of artificial muscles, resulting in a slight lengthening with extreme high pressure. Under normal pressure, the length of the braided wire is negligible, so that the entire muscle becomes shorter. According to the modeling and theoretical analysis, a new McKibben hydraulic artificial muscle that can elongate under normal rising pressure is designed. This artificial muscle can grow longer with pressure increases, eventually reaching its maximum length. During this time, its diameter barely changes. Its access pressure is higher than that of conventional elongated artificial muscles. Through experiments, the relationship between the muscle deformation, pressure, and load still conform to this theoretical model. This model can be used for the control of soft actuators and the design of new soft robots. This extensional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles and the conventional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles can be used in the bilateral control of soft robots.

Retroactive Liability in China's Soil Pollution Law: Lessons from Theoretical and Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-616
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Control

AbstractWhether companies and shareholders should be held liable for land contamination that occurred prior to the passage of the law imposing liability for such contamination is a complex issue. After a theoretical analysis of the legitimacy of retroactivity in land contamination law, our comparative study shows that most countries have adopted, or tacitly approve of, retroactive liability for land contamination. However, the liability schemes implemented in the countries investigated vary as to the types of obligation, the timing of conduct for which liability is imposed, and the standard of liability, among other factors. The retroactive imposition of liability in China's recently enacted Law on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution is examined, as well as the roadblocks that still remain, and further improvement based on the theoretical and comparative analysis are considered.

scholarly journals El Tribunal Constitucional, un balance de cuarenta años // The Constitutional Court, a balance of forty years

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (101) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Marc Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Institutional Prestige ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
Objective Meaning

Resumen:La previsión de la jurisdicción constitucional en la Constitución de 1978 ha sido un instrumento que ha reforzado su condición de norma jurídica. El indudable prestigio institucional del Tribunal Constitucional adquirido en los primeros años se ha visto reducido posteriormente por la influencia política en su composición y funcionamiento. La interpretación constitucional forma parte de la Teoría de la Constitución y los criterios hermenéuticos del empleados por el Tribunal han tenido una notable influencia en la jurisdicción ordinaria. Por otra parte, el sentido objetivo y las nuevas reglas sobre admisión del recurso individual (amparo), han permitido que el Tribunal pueda ejercer con mayor eficacia el juicio sobre la ley del Parlamento. Por otra parte, su función de garantía de losderechos fundamentales no puede ser concebida al margen del sistemaeuropeo de jurisdicción multinivel. Abstract:The provision of constitutional jurisdiction in the 1978 Constitution has been an instrument that has reinforced its status as a legal norm. The undoubted institutional prestige of the Constitutional Court acquired in the first years has been subsequently reduced by political influence on its composition and functioning. The constitutional interpretation forms part of the Theory of the Constitution and the hermeneutical criteria of the employees by the Court have had a notable influence in the ordinary jurisdiction. On the other hand, the objective meaning and the new rules on admission of the appeal for Constitutional rigth’s legal protection (amparo), has allowed the Court to exercise more effectively the judgment on the law of Parliament. On the other hand, its function of guaranteeing fundamental rights can not be conceived outside the European system of multilevel jurisdiction. Summary:1. The constitutional justice and the Constitutional Court. 2. The constitutional interpretation. 3. The control of constitutionality of the law. 4.-The objective meaning of the appeal for Constitutional rigth’s legal protection (amparo). 5. The conflicts of competences: the constitutional jurisdiction and the ordinary jurisdiction. 6. The sentence of the Constitutional Court and the Dissenting vote’s function. 

Das Verbot der Verfassungsumgehung

Der Staat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-272
Author(s):  
Torben Ellerbrok
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
The Law ◽  
Further Development

In der Rechtsprechung zum Verfassungsrecht wird mitunter der Gedanke fruchtbar gemacht, dass Normen des Grundgesetzes nicht umgangen werden dürften. Während aber im zivilrechtlichen Diskurs Bestand und methodische Verortung eines Umgehungsverbots seit Langem diskutiert werden, wurde einem „Verbot der Verfassungsumgehung“ bisher nicht näher nachgegangen. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass zwar ein hoher Abstraktionsgrad zahlreicher verfassungsrechtlicher Normen einer Umgehungsmöglichkeit entgegensteht und die Spezifika der Verfassungsauslegung zu berücksichtigen sind, auch das Grundgesetz aber rigide, umgehungsanfällige Normen enthält. Dort kann ein Umgehungsverbot ins Werk gesetzt werden, indem der Anwendungsbereich einer Norm über ihren Wortsinn hinaus ausgedehnt wird. Diese teleologische Verfassungsextension, eine Form richterlicher Rechtsfortbildung, ist nach hier vertretener Ansicht vorzunehmen, wenn Wortsinn und Ziel einer Verfassungsnorm divergieren, ein hoheitliches Handeln nicht dem Wortsinn, aber dem Ziel einer Norm zuwiderläuft und schließlich eine Eingriffsschwelle überschritten ist. Diese liegt bei der Verfassungsfortbildung aus näher aufgezeigten Gründen besonders hoch. Relevant werden kann hier insbesondere eine Umgehungsabsicht. Jurisprudence on constitutional law sometimes makes use of the idea that the norms of the Basic Law may not be circumvented. However, while scholarship on private law has long debated whether a prohibition of circumvention exists and how to place it methodologically, a “prohibition of constitutional circumvention” has not yet been examined in detail. As this article demonstrates, the fact that many constitutional norms are very abstract prevents circumvention, and the specifics of constitutional interpretation must be taken into account. Nevertheless, the Basic Law also contains rigid norms that are susceptible to circumvention. In this case, a prohibition of circumvention can be put into effect by extending a norm’s scope of application beyond its literal meaning. This teleological extension of the constitution, a form of judicial development of the law, must be carried out if the literal meaning and the purpose of a constitutional norm diverge, if a sovereign act runs counter not to the literal meaning but to the objective of a norm, and finally, if a threshold of interference is exceeded. This threshold is particularly high in the case of the further development of the constitution for reasons explained in greater detail. In particular, an intention to circumvent can become relevant here.

THE EFFECT OF CIVIL PROCEDURAL LAW IN TIME

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-152
Author(s):  
V.G. GOLUBTSOV
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

The theoretical analysis of the features of the application of the norms of civil procedural law over time in the modern agenda is given, it seems undeservedly, insufficient attention. Despite the fact that the operation of legislation in time and space is the basis of theoretical constructions in law, and law enforcement constantly operates with these categories, in the theory of procedural law in this part there is no complete clarity, as well as there is no system of interrelated established views on a number of individual topical issues related to temporality. Not limited to the problem of reversibility/irreversibility of the operation of the law, which is generally accepted in the theory of law, the author addresses the logical and epistemological boundaries of the concept of “change of civil procedural law”, analyzes extraordinary cases of changes in legislation, examines the criterion “the moment of the commission of procedural actions”. In conclusion, the author notes that the same normative act of civil procedural law may have not one, but several temporal characteristics. Variants of this multiplicity may be different. However, in the science of civil procedural law they are not actually studied.

scholarly journals Conventionalism in Constitutional Interpretation and the Place of Administrative Agencies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Administrative Agencies ◽  
The Law ◽  
Political Decision Making

This essay considers judicial independence, both as a legal and constitutional feature, and how states should seek to protect it. This essay posits that judicial independence is a universal constitutional requirement at both the federal and state levels, examining these ideas in the context of interbranch review and federal expectations of state judicial review. Further, this essay examines the limits of judicial restraint—either reflexive deference to other branches’ political decision-making or shrinking from unpopular judgments that advance constitutional rights—as strategies to protect judicial independence. It concludes that a state judiciary’s most self-protective stance is one of principled adherence to the law.

scholarly journals VALUE ADDED TAX DIMENSION: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA

Ekonomika ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egidijus Bikas ◽  
Julius Raškauskas
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regression Correlation

The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of value added tax (VAT) on the economy of some countries. The authors analyse the Lithuanian VAT structure, the dynamics of income from this tax and amendments in the Law on Value Added Tax in terms of narrowing and widening the taxable base according to the theoretical analysis of the sources. It is aimed to determine the impact of VAT standard tariff, reduced tariffs and shadow economy on income from this tax. Multiple regression, correlation, optimization and C-effectiveness ratio are used for the analysis. The analysis has revealed that amendments in the Law on Value Added Tax in terms of narrowing and widening the taxable base influenced the amount of income from VAT collected to the budget.

scholarly journals Indonesia Constitutional Court Constitutional Interpretation Methodology (2003-2008)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fritz Edwadr Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Formative Years

Nine Indonesian Constitutional Justices have the authority to annul a law drafted by 550 Parliament members and the President. The Constitutional  Court of the Republic of Indonesia (“the Court”), particularly in deciding cases  of judicial review, has the capability to declare words, sentences, paragraphs, articles or the law unconstitutional. Consequently, it is essential for the Court  to take into account legal arguments. The fundamental element of these legal arguments is constitutional interpretation, which serves as a parameter in determining constitutionality of the laws. However, in exercising its authority, the Court needs to interpret the Constitution as a  basis  for deciding  a case.  The standards for determining the constitutionality of a law must be the text of the Constitution, not what the judges would prefer the Constitution to mean. Constitutional supremacy necessarily assumes that a superior rule is what the Constitution says it is, not what the judges prefer it to be. [Craig R. Ducat: E3]. The Court period 2003–2008 were the Court’s the formative years, and as such are important to understand the methodology and interpretative approaches adopted by the Court. Many observers of the Court’s early decisions are still unsure of the overarching approach and methodology adopted by the Court. Thus, there is a need  for a close analysis and criticism of  the Court’s early decisions   to determine which methods and approaches it has adopted and whether these are appropriate in the Indonesian context. The Court has openly referred to the experiences of foreign jurisdiction in constitutional law, and therefore it would be appropriate to analyze the court’s decisions in a broader comparative context of constitutional interpretative approaches from around the  world.

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