scholarly journals Conflictos interétnicos en el Caribe Insular Colombiano

2015 ◽  
pp. 173-217
Author(s):  
Inge Helena Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Western Caribbean ◽  
Anglophone World ◽  
San Andres

En el archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, ubicado en el corazón del Caribe occidental, se encuentran, en un pequeño territorio insular de cincuenta kilómetros cuadrados, el mundo anglófono con el hispanófono, y el católico con el protestante. El multiculturalismo etnizado propuesto por la Constitución Política de 1991 en Colombia permitió que la población nativa del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, la isleña-raizal, recibiera el reconocimiento jurídico como grupo étnico. Esto generó que dicho lugar se rigiera por normas especiales respecto al control de la migración y la economía, además de significar un avance alrededor del otorgamiento de derechos para esta población, hecho que profundizó el conflicto existente entre los pobladores raizales nativos y aquellos emigrados provenientes del Caribe continental colombiano. El presente artículo pretende dar a conocer cómo la implementación de políticas multiculturalistas ha fracturado el proceso de convivencia histórico entre ambas poblaciones.Palabras Clave: Multiculturalismo, Etnicidad, Conflicto social, Relaciones interétnicas, Caribe insular colombiano, Isleños-raizales, Pañas-continentales, Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. ABSTRACTINTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE COLOMBIAN INSULAR CARIBBEAN In the San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago, located at the heart of the western Caribbean, in a small, 50 square kilometer insular territory, the Anglophone world meets the Spanish speaking, and the Catholic world meets the Protestant. The ethnicized multiculturalism proposed by the Political Constitution of 1991in Colombia allowed the native population of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina, the Raizal-islander, to be legally recognized as an ethnic group. As a result, this place started to be governed by special norms regarding the migration and economy control, something which deepened the existing conflict between local Raizals and those from the Colombian Continental Caribbean. This article sets out to disclose how implementing multiculturalist polices have disrupted the historical process of coexistence between both communities.Key Words: Multiculturalism, Ethnicity, Social conflict, Interethnic relations, Colombian insular Caribbean, Raizal-islanders, Continental settlers (pañas), San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago.

Managing Ethnicity in African Politics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
State Building ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
The Political ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Civic Nationalism ◽  
Formal Recognition

Political regulation of ethnicity has been a core dimension of state-building in Africa, and a set of different macro-political strategies was applied in African postcolonial states to deal with ethnic heterogeneity. One set of strategies consisted in attempts to completely eliminate political manifestations of ethnicity, violently through genocide (Rwanda, 1994) or mass expulsions of ethnic minorities (Uganda, 1973), consensually through secession of autonomous provinces (Eritrea, 1993; South Sudan, 2005), through legal instruments that ban the political expression of ethnic identity such as party bans, or via coercive variants of assimilation (Rwanda, 2001). An opposing option promoted the formal recognition of ethnicity through consociationalism (Burundi, 2005), ethnic federalism (Ethiopia, 1995), ethnic minority rights (Mauritius), or hegemonic control (apartheid South Africa). Many African countries have instead opted for an informal accommodation of ethnic identity in politics, which combines the pursuit of civic nationalism and ethnic party bans with a de facto recognition of ethnic group rights through informal power-sharing, centripetal institutions, or variants of federalism which shift resources and competencies to subnational levels. The choice of strategies is, however, constrained by how interethnic relations have been shaped in the process of postcolonial state-building. Both strategies of elimination and of formal recognition are applied in ranked societies where one racial or ethnic group managed to take control of the state and in which class corresponded with ethnic affiliation. South Africa, which also belonged to this group, seems to be the only country where a liberal model of civic nation is pursued along with a strong recognition of the country’s diversity in the political and constitutional architecture.

Bulgarian Turkish Emigration and Return

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darina Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Lasting Effect ◽  
History Of

The history of the emigration of Bulgarian Muslim Turks to Turkey is more than a century old. The violation of the human rights of ethnic Turks by the totalitarian regime during the 1980s resulted in the most massive and unpredictable migration wave ever seen in that history. This article examines the complexity of factors and motivations of the 1989 emigration which included almost half of the ethnic Turks living in Bulgaria and constituting until that time 9 percent of the total population. The author considers the strong and long-lasting effect of this emigration—followed by the subsequent return of half of the emigrants after the fall of the regime—both on Bulgaria's economy and on the political life of the society. The article aims also at providing a better understanding of the character of ethnic conflicts in posttotalitarian Eastern Europe.

The Concept of Asia: From Geography to Ideology

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Mitani
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Asian People

In the contemporary world the word “Asia” invokes a sense of regional integration or solidarity among Asian peoples. This sense of the word is rather recent and can only be traced back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In that period, Japan called on Asian people to unify against the Western threat under its leadership. But until the late nineteenth century, “Asia” was a purely geographical term; merely the name of one of the five continents-a concept that had been modeled by early modern Europeans.In this essay I will discuss how and why the political usage of the word “Asia,” stressing Asian solidarity, was invented by the Japanese around the 1880s. I also investigate the ways in which this sense of the word spread to the rest of the geographical region of Asia. In order to understand the unfolding of this historical process, we should first examine the traditional concepts of world geography in Japan and how the European concept of Asia was introduced into East Asia.

Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Servet Mutlu
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Political ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Demographic Study

It would scarcely be an overstatement to say that the realism of the political demands of an ethnic group within a polity is largely determined first by size, both absolute and relative to other groups, and second by its geographical distribution. The current demands ranging from autonomy to independence by some Kurds in Turkey are no exception to the rule; hence their number and geographic pattern deserve careful study.

scholarly journals PASANG SURUT DAN FRAGMENTASI POLITIK ISLAM DI INDONESIA

Dialog ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Miftahussurur Miftahussurur
Keyword(s):  
Social Economy ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Real ◽  
Basic Need

This descriptive­analytics article is aimed to trace­back the dynamics and fragmentation of political Islam in Indonesia. It focuses on relation between the dynamics of political Islam and its historical process and its social-political context. After reformation era, the power of political Islam in Indonesia has been getting highly and more fragmented. Rather, the fragmentation was seemingly caused by interest of elites than ideology dispute. It was the reason why the power of political Islam has been never unified, even to boost the people’s interest. The political Islam tended to struggle enforcing God’s law (syariah) rather than solving the real problem such as economy and basic need of society or ummah. In the fact, enforcing the Syariah law was merely artificial one. Finally, the political Islam always fails in transforming social, economy and politics due to its elitism.

scholarly journals WEST BANGKA JERIENG MALAY AND POLITICAL IDENTITY UNITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Nur Zaini
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Identity

Political identity refers to a group or individual whose existence is seen through the symbols that indicate the existence of a particular group or individual. These symbols are in the forms of ethnic group, ethnicity, religion, language, culture, custom, habit, and party color. Political identity is a construction that determines the position of the subject's interest within the ties of the political community. This study aims to describe the characteristics and to find out the attempts conducted by Jerieng Malay ethnic group in order to strengthen their existence as a political identity unit. This study applied the theory of political identity proposed by T. K. Oommen who uses the term ethnification in the study of ethnic group and its dynamics. According to him, ethnification is a process that attempts to connect territory and culture. The method used in this study wasdescriptive qualitative. Further, the result of this study shows that in the process of characteristic development and the strengthening attempt conducted by Jerieng Malay ethnic group, there has been a re-ethnification in which the ethnification is not fully developed. Ethnification within the Jerieng Malay ethnic group is still fragmented in which a particular group has attempted to re-ethnize the local identity. However, this generates a fragmentation in society as the consequence of the deprivation of the historical division of local identity.

scholarly journals The relationship between the characteristics of Ethnic Identity and Psychosemantic Characteristics of Experiencing (‘Perezhivanie’) Interethnic Relations of Palestinian Muslims in the multinational Levant Region

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 962-984
Author(s):  
L. F. Fakhrutdinova ◽  
S. T. M. Shauamri
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The Real ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Real Self ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents the results of analyzing the psychological patterns of the development of ethnic identity and interethnic relations in the multinational Levant Region, where interethnic confrontation between Palestinians and Israelis has been noted in recent years. The main aim of the research is to reveal the relationship between the characteristics of Ethnic Identity and the Experience (“perezhivanie”) of Interethnic Relations of Palestinian Muslims in the multicultural Levant Region. In the process of investigating into ethnic self-awareness the authors used the Leary Test, the Semantic Diff erential of “Perezhivanie” ‘Experiencing’ Questionnaire by L.R. Fakhrutdinova aimed at studying the psychosemantic characteristics of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’. The research has displayed that Ethnic Identity is a self-developing phenomenon, basically infl uenced by both the infrastructural relations and positions of ethnic self-awareness, and the processes associated with the relations of ethnic self-awareness with the external environment, with other ethnic groups. The most active points of development have been identifi ed. So, in intrastructural relations, they are active as ratios of I-real and I-mirror with a stronger position of I-ideal, since practically all dimensions of I-real and I-ideal (dominance, egoism, suspicion, etc.) have shown signifi cant diff erences that testify to the points and directions of development of ethnic self-awareness; positions in the relationship between the real self and the mirror self also exerted an active infl uence. The points of confl ict of the structures of ethnic self-consciousness were found, where, when the points of development coincided, the direction of development was diff erent. Thus, suspicion, obedience, dependence, friendliness, integrative indicators of dominance and friendliness have shown themselves to be confl ict points refl ecting confl ict zones between the infl uence of an external ethnic group (mirror self) and self-development processes manifested through the ideal self. In the situation of relations with the external environment, the most active was shown by the self-mirror, which infl uences the development of the subjectivity of the ethnic group through the components of the experience of the Palestinian-Israeli crisis. The infl uence of the real self on the characteristics of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’ of the PalestinianIsraeli crisis was also manifested, and therefore, through the components of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’ of this impression on the development of the self-awareness of the ethnic group.

scholarly journals LOS ARRECIFES DE LA ISLA DE SAN ANDRÉS (MAR CARIBE, COLOMBIA)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Geister
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reef Crest ◽  
Acropora Palmata ◽  
Reef Complex ◽  
Western Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
San Andres

The windward reef complex NE and E of San Andrés Island is briefly described in terms of submarine topography, sediments and the distribution of corals and other benthonic organisms. The breaker zone of the San Andrés barrier and other exposed Western Caribbean reefs characteristically exhibits a profuse growth consisting almost exclusively of Millepora. In this respect they are different from most other described West Indian reef localities, where Acropora palmata is the dominating species in this part of the reef. The replacement of Acropora palmata by Millepora is interpreted as an adaptation of the reef crest community to high energy environments due to long swell prevailing at the Western end of the Caribbean Sea. A few short reef sections exposed to the maximum degree of wave energy show conspicuous algal ridges.

scholarly journals The Difficult Path to a Civil Nation: the Experience of Nation-Building in Modern Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-151
Author(s):  
N. A. Baranov ◽  
Sevgi Kok
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Republic

Kazakhstan, like most of the multi-ethnic post-Soviet states, in the course of state building, faced the problem of rallying the peoples living in the Republic. Two interrelated projects were being implemented on the political agenda of Kazakhstan: the construction of state institutions and the formation of a civil nation. In a multi-ethnic state, the project of a civil nation is difficult due to the attempts of the titular ethnic group to obtain additional advantages, which causes tension in interethnic relations. The identification of the population, often, occurs by ethnicity, therefore, the policy of civic identity in Kazakhstan is opposed to the “Kazakhization” of language, culture, and social practices. Nevertheless, the process of unification of the nation is successfully developing in the Republic, initiated by the political elite of Kazakhstan. Achievement of national unity was declared a strategic priority in the development of the country. The article analyzes the factors affecting collective identity in the Republic of Kazakhstan: demographic diversity, language policy, state symbols. The article concludes that Kazakhstan is building its statehood based on the domination of the Kazakh ethnic elite, while pursuing a policy of uniting different ethnic groups into a single Kazakh nation.

Zambia Seeks a Route to a Fuller Independence

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
John Leech
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
The Political

There is much about the Central African republic of Zambia to make it indistinguishable to the casual Western observer among the multitude of black independent fragments into which the monolith of colonial Africa was blown by the wind of change. Its borders are all too familiarly arbitrary and just as paradoxically treasured; its population, though of one ethnic group, is divided in loyalty by strong tribal and regional affinities which nurture the ghosts of ancient feuds never entirely laid by the 60-year interregnum of alien rule; its economy is dependent upon primary product export and thus at the mercy of markets well beyond its control; the frailities of the new princes of the political kingdom have become all too clear in the eight years since the last unlamented duty at the midnight stroke in the independence stadium; and the expectations so feverishly aroused in the popular breast in the euphoric march to freedom remain, for many, as distant a prospect as ever.

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