scholarly journals Using Moving Averages To Pave The Neutrosophic Time Series

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Rafif* * ◽  
◽  
◽  
A. A. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Moving Averages ◽  
Inaccurate Data ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Better Than

In this paper, were using moving averages to pave the Neutrosophic time series. similar to use moving averages to pave the classical time series. the difference, here were dealing with inaccurate data and values of the time series.in the Neutrosophic time series, each unit of time(t) corresponds to a range of values instead of a single value. Finally, we find that the Neutrosophic time series provide an accurate description of the behavior of the series better than in the classic. Therefore, can predict the future of the series as accurately as possible.

scholarly journals The SPARC water vapour assessment II: Comparison of stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour time series observed from satellites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Khosrawi ◽  
Stefan Lossow ◽  
Gabriele P. Stiller ◽  
Karen H. Rosenlof ◽  
Joachim Urban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Future ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Satellite Instruments

Abstract. Time series of stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour using 33 data sets from 15 different satellite instruments were compared in the framework of the second SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapour assessment (WAVAS-II). This comparison aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the typical uncertainties in the observational database that can be considered in the future in observational and modelling studies addressing e.g stratospheric water vapour trends. The time series comparisons are presented for the three latitude bands, the Antarctic (80°–70° S), the tropics (15° S–15° N) and the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes (50° N–60° N) at four different altitudes (0.1, 3, 10 and 80 hPa) covering the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The combined temporal coverage of observations from the 15 satellite instruments allowed considering the time period 1986–2014. In addition to the qualitative comparison of the time series, the agreement of the data sets is assessed quantitatively in the form of the spread (i.e. the difference between the maximum and minimum volume mixing ratio among the data sets), the (Pearson) correlation coefficient and the drift (i.e. linear changes of the difference between time series over time). Generally, good agreement between the time series was found in the middle stratosphere while larger differences were found in the lower mesosphere and near the tropopause. Concerning the latitude bands, the largest differences were found in the Antarctic while the best agreement was found for the tropics. From our assessment we find that all data sets can be considered in the future in observational and modelling studies addressing e.g. stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour variability and trends when data set specific characteristics (e.g. a drift) and restrictions (e.g. temporal and spatial coverage) are taken into account.

Coupling Analysis of Beta Rhythm Electroencephalogram Based on the Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy

2014 ◽  
Vol 595 ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
Ning Ji ◽  
Jun Tan ◽  
An Shan Pei ◽  
Jia Fei Dai ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Coupling Analysis ◽  
Beta Rhythm ◽  
Scale Change ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference

This paper presents the Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy algorithm to quantify the coupling degree between two beta rhythm EEG time series which are simultaneously acquired. The results show that in the process of scale change, the young and middle-aged differ from each other in terms of the coupling degree of beta rhythm EEG and the difference grow clear gradually from 4th scale. So the Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy can be used to analyze the coupling information of time series under different physiological status. Besides, as an indicator of measuring brain function, in the future it can also come to the aid of clinical evaluation of brain function.

scholarly journals Comparison of EEG source reconstructed functional networks in healthy subjects elicited during visual oddball task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Wei Thee ◽  
Humaira Nisar ◽  
Kim Ho Yeap ◽  
Wei Meng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Decomposition Algorithms ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
Frequency Decomposition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Visual Oddball ◽  
Better Than

AbstractIn this paper we have reconstructed electroencephalography (EEG) sources using weighted Minimum Norm Estimator (wMNE) for visual oddball experiment to estimate brain functional networks. Secondly we have evaluated the impact of time-frequency decomposition algorithms and scout functions on brain functional networks estimation using phase-locked value (PLV). Lastly, we compared the difference between target stimuli with response (TR) and non-target with no response (NTNR) cases in terms of brain functional connectivity (FC). We acquired the EEG data from 20 healthy participants using 129 channels EEG sensor array for visual oddball experiment. Three scout functions: i) MEAN, ii) MAX and iii) PCA were used to extract the regional time series signals. We transformed the regional time series signals into complex form using two methods: i) Wavelet Transform (WT) and ii) Hilbert Transform (HT). The instantaneous phases were extracted from the complex form of the regional time series signals. The FC was estimated using PLV. The joint capacity of the time-frequency decomposition algorithms/scout functions applied to reconstructed EEG sources was evaluated using two criteria: i) localization index (LI) and ii) R. The difference in FC between TR and NTNR cases was evaluated using these two criteria. Our results show that the WT has higher impact on LI values and it is better than HT in terms of consistency of the results as the standard deviation (SD) of WT is lower. In addition, WT/PCA pair is better than other pairs in terms of consistency as the SD of the pair is lower. This pair is able to estimate the connectivity within parietal region which corresponds to P300 response; although WT/MEAN is also able to do that, However, WT/PCA has lower SD than WT/MEAN. Lastly, the differences in connectivity between TR and NTNR cases over parietal, central, right temporal and limbic regions which correspond to target detection, P300 response and motor response were observed. Therefore, we conclude that the output of the connectivity estimation might be affected by time-frequency decomposition algorithms/scout functions pairs. Among the pairs, WT/PCA yields best results for the visual oddball task. Moreover, TR and NTNR cases are different in terms of estimated functional networks.

scholarly journals Two decades of satellite observations of AOD over mainland China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit de Leeuw ◽  
Larisa Sogacheva ◽  
Edith Rodriguez ◽  
Konstantinos Kourtidis ◽  
Aristeidis K. Georgoulias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerosol Properties ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. The retrieval of aerosol properties from satellite observations provides their spatial distribution over a wide area in cloud-free conditions. As such, they complement ground-based measurements by providing information over sparsely instrumented areas, albeit that significant differences may exist in both the type of information obtained and the temporal information from satellite and ground-based observations. In this paper, information from different types of satellite-based instruments is used to provide a 3-D climatology of aerosol properties over mainland China, i.e. vertical profiles of extinction coefficients from CALIOP, a lidar flying on board the CALIPSO satellite, and the column-integrated extinction (AOD), available from three radiometers: ESA’s ATSR-2, AATSR (together referred to as ATSR) and NASA's MODIS/Terra, together spanning the period 1995–2015. AOD data are retrieved from ATSR using the ADV v2.31 algorithm while for MODIS the Collection 6 (C6) DTDB merged AOD data set is used. These data sets are validated and differences are compared using AERONET version 2 L2.0 AOD data as reference. The results show that, over China, MODIS slightly overestimates the AOD and ATSR slightly underestimates the AOD. Consequently, MODIS AOD is overall higher than that from ATSR, and the difference increases with increasing AOD. The comparison also shows that none of the ATSR and MODIS AOD data sets is better than the other one everywhere. However, ATSR ADV has limitations over bright surfaces where the MODIS DB was designed for. To allow for comparison of MODIS C6 results with previous analyses where MODIS Collection 5.1 (C5.1) data were used, also the difference between the C6 and C5.1 DTDB merged data sets from MODIS/Terra over China is briefly discussed. The AOD data sets show strong seasonal differences and the seasonal features vary with latitude and longitude across China. Two-decadal AOD time series, averaged over the whole mainland China, are presented and briefly discussed. Using the 17 years of ATSR data as the basis and MODIS/Terra to follow the temporal evolution in recent years when ENVISAT was lost requires a comparison of the data sets for the overlapping period to show their complementarity. ATSR precedes the MODIS time series between 1995 and 2000 and shows a distinct increase in the AOD over this period. The two data series show similar variations during the overlapping period between 2000 and 2011, with minima and maxima in the same years. MODIS extends this time series beyond the end of the ENVISAT period in 2012, showing decreasing AOD.

scholarly journals Development and calibration of an automatic spectral albedometer to estimate near-surface snow SSA time series

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1297-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislain Picard ◽  
Quentin Libois ◽  
Laurent Arnaud ◽  
Gauthier Verin ◽  
Marie Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Angular Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Dynamics ◽  
Careful Design ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Spectral albedo of the snow surface in the visible/near-infrared range has been measured for 3 years by an automatic spectral radiometer installed at Dome C (75° S, 123° E) in Antarctica in order to retrieve the specific surface area (SSA) of superficial snow. This study focuses on the uncertainties of the SSA retrieval due to instrumental and data processing limitations. We find that when the solar zenith angle is high, the main source of uncertainties is the imperfect angular response of the light collectors. This imperfection introduces a small spurious wavelength-dependent trend in the albedo spectra which greatly affects the SSA retrieval. By modeling this effect, we show that for typical snow and illumination conditions encountered at Dome C, retrieving SSA with an accuracy better than 15 % (our target) requires the difference of response between 400 and 1100 nm to not exceed 2 %. Such a small difference can be achieved only by (i) a careful design of the collectors, (ii) an ad hoc correction of the spectra using the actual measured angular response of the collectors, and (iii) for solar zenith angles less than 75°. The 3-year time series of retrieved SSA features a 3-fold decrease every summer which is significantly larger than the estimated uncertainties. This highlights the high dynamics of near-surface SSA at Dome C.

LEARNING THE RULE OF A TIME SERIES

1992 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ginzberg ◽  
D. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Noise Amplitude ◽  
Quadratic Map ◽  
Correct Rule ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sunspot Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference

Neural networks can be trained to predict the next value of a time series on the basis of its preceding values. We try to find out how well such a network approximates the rule which underlies the series. For this purpose, we study the net-sequence, which is a long time series generated iteratively by the network. We introduce a new measure: the difference between the distributions of function values in the data and the net-sequence. We demonstrate its usefulness on the problem of the chaotic quadratic map. Adding random noise to the series we find, by using this tool, that the networks can approximate well the correct rule only if the noise amplitude is very small. Applying the new measure as a weak constraint in the problem of sunspot data, we see that it correlates well with the ability of the network to predict several time steps into the future.

Removal of inelastically scattered electrons substantially increases phase contrast on frozen-hydrated molecules

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
John P. Langmore ◽  
Brian D. Athey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Although electron diffraction indicates better than 0.3nm preservation of biological structure in vitreous ice, the imaging of molecules in ice is limited by low contrast. Thus, low-dose images of frozen-hydrated molecules have significantly more noise than images of air-dried or negatively-stained molecules. We have addressed the question of the origins of this loss of contrast. One unavoidable effect is the reduction in scattering contrast between a molecule and the background. In effect, the difference in scattering power between a molecule and its background is 2-5 times less in a layer of ice than in vacuum or negative stain. A second, previously unrecognized, effect is the large, incoherent background of inelastic scattering from the ice. This background reduces both scattering and phase contrast by an additional factor of about 3, as shown in this paper. We have used energy filtration on the Zeiss EM902 in order to eliminate this second effect, and also increase scattering contrast in bright-field and dark-field.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD DENGAN PENDEKATAN RME UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG LUAS KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Zainur Zainur
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade IX SMP Muhammadiyah Padang LuasKecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. This study aims to improve learning outcomes in mathematicslearning through STAD type cooperative learning with the RME approach in class IX SMP MuhammadiyahPadang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. The subjects of this study were all classes IX in SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar totaling 26 people. The form ofresearch is classroom action research. This research instrument consists of performance instruments and datacollection instruments in the form of teacher activity observation sheets and activities. The results of the studystated that there were significant differences between students' mathematics learning outcomes before applyingthe STAD type cooperative learning model with the RME approach with after applying the STAD typecooperative learning model with the RME approach. The difference shows student learning outcomes after theaction is better than before the action with completeness reaching 80.77% or 21 completed. Based on the resultsof the study and discussion it can be concluded that the application of STAD type learning model with RealisticMathematic Education (RME) approach can improve the learning outcomes of grade IX students of SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar on statistical material.

EVALUASI PROYEKSI DEMAND BARANG DAN PENUMPANG PELABUHAN DI PROVINSI MALUKU

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Adrian Firdaus ◽  
M. Dwi Yoga Sutanto ◽  
Rajin Sihombing ◽  
M. Weldy Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Every port in Indonesia must have a Port Master Plan that contains an integrated port development plan. This study discusses one important aspect in the preparation of the Port Master Plan, namely the projected movement of goods and passengers, which can be used as a reference in determining the need for facilities at each stage of port development. The case study was conducted at a port located in a district in Maluku Province and aims to evaluate the analysis of projected demand for goods and passengers occurring at the port. The projection method used is time series and econometric projection. The projection results are then compared with the existing data in 2018. The results of this study show that the econometric projection gives adequate results in predicting loading and unloading activities as well as the number of passenger arrival and departure in 2018. This is indicated by the difference in the percentage of projection results towards the existing data, which is smaller than 10%. Whereas for loading and unloading activities, time series projections with logarithmic trends give better results than econometric projections. Keywords: port, port master plan, port development, unloading activities  Abstrak Setiap pelabuhan di Indonesia harus memiliki sebuah Rencana Induk Pelabuhan yang memuat rencana pengem-bangan pelabuhan secara terpadu. Studi ini membahas salah satu aspek penting dalam penyusunan Rencana Induk Pelabuhan, yaitu proyeksi pergerakan barang dan penumpang, yang dapat dipakai sebagai acuan dalam penentuan kebutuhan fasilitas di setiap tahap pengembangan pelabuhan. Studi kasus dilakukan pada sebuah pelabuhan yang terletak di sebuah kabupaten di Provinsi Maluku dan bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi ter-hadap analisis proyeksi demand barang dan penumpang yang terjadi di pelabuhan tersebut. Metode proyeksi yang dipakai adalah proyeksi deret waktu dan ekonometrik. Hasil proyeksi selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan data eksisting tahun 2018. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa proyeksi ekonometrik memberikan hasil yang cukup baik dalam memprediksi aktivitas bongkar barang serta jumlah penumpang naik dan turun di tahun 2018. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan selisih persentase hasil proyeksi terhadap data eksisting yang lebih kecil dari 10%. Sedangkan untuk aktivitas muat barang, proyeksi deret waktu dengan tren logaritmik memberikan hasil yang lebih baik daripada proyeksi ekonometrik. Kata-kata kunci: pelabuhan, rencana induk pelabuhan, pengembangan pelauhan, aktivitas bongkar barang

Smart Estimation Ver-H.1.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigit Haryadi
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Value ◽  
The Difference

We cannot be sure exactly what will happen, we can only estimate by using a particular method, where each method must have the formula to create a regression equation and a formula to calculate the confidence level of the estimated value. This paper conveys a method of estimating the future values, in which the formula for creating a regression equation is based on the assumption that the future value will depend on the difference of the past values divided by a weight factor which corresponding to the time span to the present, and the formula for calculating the level of confidence is to use "the Haryadi Index". The advantage of this method is to remain accurate regardless of the sample size and may ignore the past value that is considered irrelevant.

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