scholarly journals Study of metalloproteinases in the blood of goats experimentally infected with caprine encephalitis arthritis virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3165-3176
Author(s):  
Ylana Santos de Galiza ◽  
◽  
Angela Maria Xavier Eloy ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Renato Mesquita Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Gelatin Zymography ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Infection Stage ◽  
Goat Farming

Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a lentiviral disease that leads to considerable losses in goat farming. In the acute phase of viral infection, though antiviral antibodies are produced by the host’s immune system, they are not sufficient to be detected by serological tests. Acute infections begin with an incubation period, during which the viral genome replicates and host innate responses are initiated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that play an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of tissue remodeling. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of MMPs and their activity in the blood serum of goats experimentally infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Five dairy goats, aged 3-4 years, were intravenously inoculated with CAEV Cork strain (titer: 105-6 TCID50/mL) after being tested negative for CAEV thrice at consecutive intervals of 30 days using western blot analysis and nested-PCR. The study included three stages: S1 or pre-infection stage; S2 or seroconversion stage, corresponding to the occurrence of first seroconversion; and S3 or post-seroconversion stage, corresponding to 23 weeks after seroconversion. Zymography was performed for the samples using gelatin zymography gels (12.5%), which were subjected to electrophoresis at 170V, 1A, and 300W for 50-70 min. The density of MMP-2 was found to be lower at S1 (1456.20 pixels) than that at S2 and S3 (1943.80 and 2104.40 pixels, respectively) (P < 0.05); and the density of MMP-9 was found to be lower at S3 (133.60 pixels) than that at S1 and S2 (359.60 and 370.60 pixels, respectively). The density of proMMP-2 was low at S1 and S3 (130.45 and 145.20 pixels, respectively). On the other hand, the density of proMMP-9 was statistically different between S1 and S3 (89.22 vs. 415.60 pixels). Both proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 were absent at S2. Thus, MMP-2 and MMP-9 exhibited opposite behaviors depending on the stage of infection. As the greatest activity of MMP-2 was detected at stage S3, we suggest that MMP-2 can be used as a biomarker for complementary diagnosis of acute CAEV infection. In addition, the presence of proMMP-13 can be used to indicate active viral infection.

scholarly journals Viral genome imaging of hepatitis C virus to probe heterogeneous viral infection and responses to antiviral therapies

Virology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 494 ◽  
pp. 236-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyas Ramanan ◽  
Kartik Trehan ◽  
Mei.-Lyn. Ong ◽  
Joseph M. Luna ◽  
Hans.-Heinrich Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Antiviral Therapies

scholarly journals Phenotyping viral infection in sweetpotato using a high-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging platform

Plant Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linping Wang ◽  
Sylvain Poque ◽  
Jari P. T. Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Severe Problem

Abstract Background Virus diseases caused by co-infection with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) are a severe problem in the production of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Traditional molecular virus detection methods include nucleic acid-based and serological tests. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of a non-destructive imaging-based plant phenotype platform to study plant-virus synergism in sweetpotato by comparing four virus treatments with two healthy controls. Results By monitoring physiological and morphological effects of viral infection in sweetpotato over 29 days, we quantified photosynthetic performance from chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) imaging and leaf thermography from thermal infrared (TIR) imaging among sweetpotatoes. Moreover, the differences among different treatments observed from ChlF and TIR imaging were related to virus accumulation and distribution in sweetpotato. These findings were further validated at the molecular level by related gene expression in both photosynthesis and carbon fixation pathways. Conclusion Our study validated for the first time the use of ChlF- and TIR-based imaging systems to distinguish the severity of virus diseases related to SPFMV and SPCSV in sweetpotato. In addition, we demonstrated that the operating efficiency of PSII and photochemical quenching were the most sensitive parameters for the quantification of virus effects compared with maximum quantum efficiency, non-photochemical quenching, and leaf temperature.

scholarly journals Case Report: A Case of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in Dairy Goat Farms in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ga-In Son ◽  
Eui-Ju Hong ◽  
Hyun-Jin Shin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Capra Aegagrus ◽  
Carpal Joint ◽  
Polymerase Chain

One Saanen dairy goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) farm in Korea reported that some goats showed clinical signs such as arthritis, paralysis, carpal joint swelling, and even death. We monitored clinical signs and pathological lesions. In the laboratory, we confirmed caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We examined all the dairy goats on the farm and found that many of them were positive. In conclusion, CAEV infection was detected in the majority of the goats in this farm, and it induced severe clinical signs impacting productivity and causing important economic shortfalls. We need to regularly investigate all dairy goat farms, and, more importantly, inspection of the quarantine stage should be required before importation. Interestingly, we found all negative results in Korean native black goats (Capra hircus linnaeus).

scholarly journals Perspectives for Buck Kids in Dairy Goat Farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Meijer ◽  
Vivian C. Goerlich ◽  
René van den Brom ◽  
Mona F. Giersberg ◽  
Saskia S. Arndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Goat Farming

To start milk production, dairy goats need to give birth at least once. While most female kids are reared to become the next generation of dairy goats, only a small proportion of male kids (buck kids) are reared with reproduction aims. The market for buck kid meat, especially within Northern European countries, is currently relatively small compared to the number of bucks born. Therefore, the purposes for buck kids are limited and a substantial proportion of buck kid meat is used for pet food. Due to the limited economic value of buck kids, farmers are faced with a dilemma. Although raising bucks costs more money than it yields, the birth of kids is a prerequisite for production of milk and should be seen as an investment for business-wise healthy dairy goat farming. In that perspective, dairy goat farmers have an ethical responsibility toward buck kids, as well. In this paper, we compare various scenarios of dealing with the issue of surplus male animals. We provide recommendations for the rearing of buck kids based on the sector‘s experience and current practice in the Netherlands. Reducing the number of surplus (male) offspring, e.g., by an optimized prolonged lactation management and/or by artificial insemination with sex-sorted semen, could alleviate the issue of low value buck kids. Killing surplus animals before or directly after birth, on the other hand, is met with increasing societal scrutiny. Initiatives to propagate a market for buck kid meat for human consumption are important to enable a suitable and sustainable production system. To maintain the health and welfare of goat kids, amongst other factors, sufficient and good quality colostrum, milk, and an appropriate diet as they grow older, needs to be provided. One option to assure the safeguarding of health and welfare of all goat kids are quality assurance schemes for milk production. These schemes make dairy farmers accountable for the health and welfare of all kids in the rearing period, including the provision of colostrum and adequate care for newborn buck kids. We conclude that the combination of reducing the number of surplus kids, increasing the demand for goat products, and quality assurance schemes that may help to safeguard the welfare of buck kids.

scholarly journals Seroconversion and seroreactivity patterns of dairy goats naturally exposed to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Soares Castro ◽  
Rômulo Cerqueira Leite ◽  
Edisio Oliveira de Azevedo ◽  
Maurício Resende ◽  
Aurora Maria Guimarães Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Standard Curve

A labelled avidin-biotin ELISA (lab-ELISA) using repeated serum samples of goats showed a progressive seroconversion with higher seroconversion rate at the period going from the beginning of the breeding up to the last half of lactation (35.0%), compared to that recorded at the beginning of breeding (17.8%)(p<0.05). Furthermore, the seroreactivity pattern, evaluated by a lab-ELISA standard-curve with serum samples collected at 30-40 days intervals during 12 months, was caracterized by high individual variability. No seroreversion was observed and there were higher titers in the group of animals which delivered kids and established a lactation period (n=6; mean titre=913.4 units) compared to the group of goats that failed to conceived (n=4; mean titre=261.2 units) (p<0.01).

Effect of caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and N-acetyl-β–glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane P. Ryan ◽  
Paul L. Greenwood ◽  
Paul J. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

SummaryBacteriology, somatic cell counts (SCO) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity determinations were conducted on milk samples collected from does in three dairy herds with caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. In two herds, CAEV-infected does were more likely to have a subclinical bacterial infection of the udder than CAEV-free does (P < 0·05). Does with CAEV but no bacterial udder infection had significantly greater mean SCO and NAGase activity than CAEV-free does without udder infection (P < 0·01). In two herds, changes in milk SCC and NAGase associated with CAEV infection were similar to those produced by coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections. The findings confirm that indirect indicators of bacterial mastitis infection may have reduced specificity in dairy goat herds with CAEV.

scholarly journals Comparison of Serological and Molecular Tests for Diagnosis of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis and Clinical Evaluation of Mammary Glands of Infected Dairy Goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Alana Aragão de Azevedo ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Vanderlan Warlington Souza de Santos ◽  
Edgar Marques Damasceno ◽  
Ana Lídia Madeira de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to the reduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, considering that there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated. Material, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms located in Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were compared and the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was 41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positive animals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P < 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations, of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes. There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations.Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicality and low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals. This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism, considering that agar gel precipitation requires multiple interactions. In addition, WB was more effective than AGID in detecting antibodies. On the other hand, nPCR was important for the detection of infected animals that serological tests failed to detect. The intermittence of immunological response observed in the serological tests may be explained by the variation of antibodies levels that may occur during life. Likewise, viral compartmentalization would justify the intermittent detection of proviral DNA. Hence, the results can be influenced by the viral intermittence, test sensitivity, late seroconversion and statistic values that can be calculated (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive level and kappa). Crossing the results of the diagnostic tests with the different mammary gland alterations, it was shown that there was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) only in the comparison of the results of the serological tests with GM alterations. Everything indicates that the humoral or cellular immune system being on stimulus is more propitious to find these changes. In conclusion, WB was more sensitive than AGID and, considering that nPCR can detect a larger number of animals infected with the goat lentivirus, it must be associated with a sensible serological test, such as Western Blot. In addition, infected animals have alterations in MG, which is more frequent in cases with positive serological results.

scholarly journals Pressure-driven release of viral genome into a host nucleus is a mechanism leading to herpes infection

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Te Du ◽  
Alex Evilevitch
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Host Nucleus ◽  
Protein Shell ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

Many viruses previously have been shown to have pressurized genomes inside their viral protein shell, termed the capsid. This pressure results from the tight confinement of negatively charged viral nucleic acids inside the capsid. However, the relevance of capsid pressure to viral infection has not been demonstrated. In this work, we show that the internal DNA pressure of tens of atmospheres inside a herpesvirus capsid powers ejection of the viral genome into a host cell nucleus. To our knowledge, this provides the first demonstration of a pressure-dependent mechanism of viral genome penetration into a host nucleus, leading to infection of eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Reovirus σNS and μNS Proteins Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Build Replication Neo-Organelles

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Tenorio ◽  
Isabel Fernández de Castro ◽  
Jonathan J. Knowlton ◽  
Paula F. Zamora ◽  
Christopher H. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Particle Assembly ◽  
Viral Genome Replication ◽  
Reovirus Replication ◽  
Cellular Compartments

ABSTRACTLike most viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, mammalian reoviruses assemble membranous neo-organelles called inclusions that serve as sites of viral genome replication and particle morphogenesis. Viral inclusion formation is essential for viral infection, but how these organelles form is not well understood. We investigated the biogenesis of reovirus inclusions. Correlative light and electron microscopy showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes are in contact with nascent inclusions, which form by collections of membranous tubules and vesicles as revealed by electron tomography. ER markers and newly synthesized viral RNA are detected in inclusion internal membranes. Live-cell imaging showed that early in infection, the ER is transformed into thin cisternae that fragment into small tubules and vesicles. We discovered that ER tubulation and vesiculation are mediated by the reovirus σNS and μNS proteins, respectively. Our results enhance an understanding of how viruses remodel cellular compartments to build functional replication organelles.IMPORTANCEViruses modify cellular structures to build replication organelles. These organelles serve as sites of viral genome replication and particle morphogenesis and are essential for viral infection. However, how these organelles are constructed is not well understood. We found that the replication organelles of mammalian reoviruses are formed by collections of membranous tubules and vesicles derived from extensive remodeling of the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We also observed that ER tubulation and vesiculation are triggered by the reovirus σNS and μNS proteins, respectively. Our results enhance an understanding of how viruses remodel cellular compartments to build functional replication organelles and provide functions for two enigmatic reovirus replication proteins. Most importantly, this research uncovers a new mechanism by which viruses form factories for particle assembly.

Diagnosis of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus infection in dairy goats by ELISA, PCR and Viral Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Panneum ◽  
T. Rukkwamsuk
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Viral Culture

AbstractFor preventive and control strategies of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) infection in dairy goats, performance of the available diagnostic tests was described as one of the most important and necessary aspects. The study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic test performance, including PCR, ELISA and viral culture, for CAEV infection in dairy goats in Thailand. Blood samples of 29 dairy goats from five low- to medium-prevalence herds and one very low-prevalence herd were collected for PCR and ELISA methods. The performance of these two diagnostic methods was evaluated by comparing with cytopathic effects (CPE) in the co-cultivation of CAEV and primary synovial cells. Results indicated that sensitivity, specificity were, respectively, 69.6%, 100%, for PCR; and 95.7%, 83.3% for ELISA. The PCR assay tended to have lower sensitivity and higher specificity than ELISA. When multiple tests were applied, parallel testing provided sensitivity and specificity of 98.7% and 83.3%, while series testing showed sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 100% respectively. These results indicated that combination of ELISA and PCR provided some advantages and possibly offered optimal methods to detect CAEV-infected goats. Kappa value of the agreement between PCR and ELISA test was 0.34, indicating fair agreement. Regarding the possibility of antigenic variation between CAEV strains used in both PCR and ELISA assays, the actual circulating CAEV strain should be reviewed in order to develop and enhance the diagnostic tests using the CAE viral antigens derived from specific local strains of Thailand.

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