Effect of leaf wetness and soil temperatures on pea rust development caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) de Bary

The influence of postharvest temperature on the flowering response of Eremurus was studied. The plants were harvested at four different stages of development and were separated into three groups. The first group was immediately exposed to 2 °C, the second group to 20 °C followed by 2 °C, and the third group to 20 °C followed by 32 °C and, subsequently, 2 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for concurrent morphological analysis of floral development. Application of 2 °C to the plants in the initial stage of floral development caused plant destruction and death, while the same treatment applied at the stage of full differentiation promoted normal flowering. Temperatures of 20 °C and, especially, 32 °C, significantly improved flowering of the plants harvested in the early stages of florogenesis, whereas the same treatment applied to the plants harvested at the end of flower differentiation did not affect the flowering process. A developmental disorder, which we term “Interrupted Floral Development” (IFD), was observed only in the plants harvested when the racemes were fully differentiated. This was probably caused by the very high air and soil temperatures that prevail in Israel during the summer. The extent of floral differentiation has a determinant role in subsequent scape elongation and flowering.

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Simulating soil temperatures

Journal of Agronomic Education ◽

10.2134/jae.1976.0017 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21

Author(s):

R. J. Hanks ◽

V. P. Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperatures

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Soil Temperatures in Adjacent High Elevation Forests and Meadows of Montana

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200060033x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 982-983 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

L. C. Munn ◽

B. A. Buchanan ◽

G. A. Nielsen

Keyword(s):

High Elevation ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

High Elevation Forests

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Impact of Shade and Fogging on High Tunnel Production and Mineral Content of Organically Grown Lettuce, Basil, and Arugula in Georgia

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11070625 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 625

Author(s):

Savanah Laur ◽

Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro da Silva ◽

Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez ◽

Timothy Coolong

Keyword(s):

Mineral Content ◽

Planting Date ◽

High Tunnel ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Shade Cloth ◽

High Tunnels ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Organically Grown ◽

The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of shade cloth and fogging systems on the microclimate at the plant canopy level and yield of basil (Oscimum basilicum L.), arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) planted in mid-September and early October in high tunnels. Fogging systems were installed at canopy level in plots within shaded (30%) and non-shaded high tunnels. Average air temperatures in the shaded high tunnels were 0.9 °C lower than non-shaded high tunnels during the day. Shade cloth significantly reduced soil temperatures during the day and night periods by 1.5 °C and 1.3 °C, respectively, compared to non-shaded treatments. Fogging systems did not have an impact on air temperature, soil temperature, or relative humidity, but did increase canopy leaf wetness. Shade and fogging did not impact the yield of any of the crops grown. Yield was impacted by planting date, with earlier planting result in higher yields of lettuce and basil. Yields for arugula were greater during the second planting date than the first. Planting date and shade cloth interacted to affect the concentrations of macronutrients.

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Multifractal analysis of air and soil temperatures

Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science ◽

10.1063/5.0029658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 033110

Author(s):

Samuel Toluwalope Ogunjo ◽

Ibiyinka Fuwape ◽

A. Babatunde Rabiu ◽

Sunday Samuel Oluyamo

Keyword(s):

Multifractal Analysis ◽

Soil Temperatures

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An integrated approach for tracking climate-driven changes in treeline environments on different time scales in the Valle d’Aosta, Italian Alps

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/09596836211025974 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095968362110259

Author(s):

Anna Masseroli ◽

Giovanni Leonelli ◽

Umberto Morra di Cella ◽

Eric P Verrecchia ◽

David Sebag ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Approach ◽

Early Summer ◽

Ice Age ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Alpine Treeline ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Direct Measurements ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Summer Temperatures ◽

Local Station

Both biotic and abiotic components, characterizing the mountain treeline ecotone, respond differently to climate variations. This study aims at reconstructing climate-driven changes by analyzing soil evolution in the late Holocene and by assessing the climatic trends for the last centuries and years in a key high-altitude climatic treeline (2515 m a.s.l.) on the SW slope of the Becca di Viou mountain (Aosta Valley Region, Italy). This approach is based on soil science and dendrochronological techniques, together with daily air/soil temperature monitoring of four recent growing seasons. Direct measurements show that the ongoing soil temperatures during the growing season, at the treeline and above, are higher than the predicted reference values for the Alpine treeline. Thus, they do not represent a limiting factor for tree establishment and growth, including at the highest altitudes of the potential treeline (2625 m a.s.l.). Dendrochronological evidences show a marked sensitivity of tree-ring growth to early-summer temperatures. During the recent 10-year period 2006–2015, trees at around 2300 m a.s.l. have grown at a rate that is approximately 1.9 times higher than during the 10-year period 1810–1819, one of the coolest periods of the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, soils show only an incipient response to the ongoing climate warming, likely because of its resilience regarding the changeable environmental conditions and the different factors influencing the soil development. The rising air temperature, and the consequent treeline upward shift, could be the cause of a shift from Regosol to soil with more marked Umbric characteristics, but only for soil profiles located on the N facing slopes. Overall, the results of this integrated approach permitted a quantification of the different responses in abiotic and biotic components through time, emphasizing the influence of local station conditions in responding to the past and ongoing climate change.

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Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040441 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 441

Author(s):

Philipp Grabenweger ◽

Branislava Lalic ◽

Miroslav Trnka ◽

Jan Balek ◽

Erwin Murer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Input Data ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Soil Column ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Snow Layer ◽

Time Step ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Dimensional Simulation ◽

Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

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Vegetation management on grass-dominated clearcuts planted with Norway spruce in southern Sweden

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x99-071 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 1015-1026 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Urban Nilsson ◽

Göran Örlander

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Vegetation Management ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Southern Sweden ◽

Vegetation Control ◽

Containerized Seedlings ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Stock Type ◽

Bare Root ◽

Relative Differences

A field experiment was established between 1989 and 1993 to study the effects of competing vegetation on growth of planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. Effects of clearcut age, scarification (mounding), herbicide treatment, and seedling stock type were investigated 5 years after planting. On fresh clearcuts, amounts of vegetation were negligible, whereas 2.1-3.7 Mg·ha-1 was found on 4-year-old and older clearcuts. Soil temperatures were about 10% higher in mounds than in undisturbed ground, while herbicide and clearcut age only marginally affected soil temperatures. Seedlings planted on old clearcuts showed significant reductions in growth due to interference from vegetation. Five years after planting, the reduction in growth corresponded to about 1 year's growth. Most of the interaction between seedlings and vegetation occurred during the first 2 years after planting. Thus, scarification was just as effective as repeated herbicide treatments in reducing competition from vegetation. Differences in periods of drought between years could largely explain variation in leading shoot length. However, leading shoot length was affected in the same way irrespective of vegetation control treatments. Five years after planting, the relative differences in diameter between bare-root and containerized seedlings were the same as at the time of planting.

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Impact of Row Spacing and Planting Date on the Canopy Environment, Abundance of Lesser Cornstalk Borer and Other Arthropods, and Incidence of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Peanuts

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-24-1-12 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 52-59

Author(s):

S. D. Stewart ◽

K. L. Boweri ◽

T. P. Mack ◽

J. H. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Climatic Conditions ◽

Planting Date ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Canopy Development ◽

Late Planting ◽

Elasmopalpus Lignosellus ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽

Wide Row Spacing

Abstract Three row spacings and two planting dates for peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., were examined in 1993 and 1994 to determine the influence of the canopy environment on lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), other arthropods, and alflatoxigenic fungi. Climatically, 1993 and 1994 were disparate years. Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area and light interception by the canopy but, compared to difference between planting dates or years, had a relatively small impact on soil temperatures and relative humidity within the canopy. Late planting produced smaller plants, retarded canopy development, and reduced yield in both years, but especially in 1993 when it was hot and dry. The wide row spacing did not yield as well as twin and normal row spacings in either year. Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993, but were unaffected by row spacing. Fewer predatory arthropods were caught as row spacing decreased in both beat and pitfall samples, but planting date had variable effects. Prevailing climatic conditions and planting date appeared to be more important in influencing the canopy environment and pest densities than was row spacing.

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