Analysing water productivity response to sowing window, irrigation levels and mulching using CERES-wheat model

Field experiments were carried out during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Wheat variety PBW 621 was sown on three dates (D1: 4th week of October, D2: 2nd week of November and D3: 4th week of November) with two irrigation levels (I1: IW/ CPE = 0.9, I2: At CRI, 5-6 weeks after 1st irrigation, 3-4/5-6 weeks after 2nd irrigation, 2/4 weeks after 3rd irrigation as per dates of sowing) and mulch application (M1: without mulch, M2: straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1). Earlier sown mulch applied crop with four post-sowing irrigations produced highest (5312.5 kg ha-1) and late sown without mulch application crop with irrigation @IW/CPE = 0.9 produced lowest grain yield (3900.5 kg ha-1). Simulation results depicted -1.1 to 16.8 per cent deviation in crop yield, -1.4 to -21.0 per cent in water use and 12.7 to 45.5 per cent in water productivity. Increase in temperature from 1oC to 3oC decreased wheat yield by 6.3 to 27.0 per cent under D1 and 3.3 to 17.6 per cent under D2, however, it increased from 8.1 to 16.2 per cent under D3, indicating D3 as most appropriate under future warming scenarios. Increase in CO2 concentration decreased water use and increased yield and water productivity.

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Improving water productivity in the Australian Grains industry—a nationally coordinated approach

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp14019 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (7) ◽

pp. 583 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

J. A. Kirkegaard ◽

J. R. Hunt ◽

T. M. McBeath ◽

J. M. Lilley ◽

A. Moore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Production Systems ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Ex Post ◽

Farm Scale

Improving the water-limited yield of dryland crops and farming systems has been an underpinning objective of research within the Australian grains industry since the concept was defined in the 1970s. Recent slowing in productivity growth has stimulated a search for new sources of improvement, but few previous research investments have been targeted on a national scale. In 2008, the Australian grains industry established the 5-year, AU$17.6 million, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Initiative, which challenged growers and researchers to lift WUE of grain-based production systems by 10%. Sixteen regional grower research teams distributed across southern Australia (300–700 mm annual rainfall) proposed a range of agronomic management strategies to improve water-limited productivity. A coordinating project involving a team of agronomists, plant physiologists, soil scientists and system modellers was funded to provide consistent understanding and benchmarking of water-limited yield, experimental advice and assistance, integrating system science and modelling, and to play an integration and communication role. The 16 diverse regional project activities were organised into four themes related to the type of innovation pursued (integrating break-crops, managing summer fallows, managing in-season water-use, managing variable and constraining soils), and the important interactions between these at the farm-scale were explored and emphasised. At annual meetings, the teams compared the impacts of various management strategies across different regions, and the interactions from management combinations. Simulation studies provided predictions of both a priori outcomes that were tested experimentally and extrapolation of results across sites, seasons and up to the whole-farm scale. We demonstrated experimentally that potential exists to improve water productivity at paddock scale by levels well above the 10% target by better summer weed control (37–140%), inclusion of break crops (16–83%), earlier sowing of appropriate varieties (21–33%) and matching N supply to soil type (91% on deep sands). Capturing synergies from combinations of pre- and in-crop management could increase wheat yield at farm scale by 11–47%, and significant on-farm validation and adoption of some innovations has occurred during the Initiative. An ex post economic analysis of the Initiative estimated a benefit : cost ratio of 3.7 : 1, and an internal return on investment of 18.5%. We briefly review the structure and operation of the initiative and summarise some of the key strategies that emerged to improve WUE at paddock and farm-scale.

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Evaluation of different crop sequences for wheat and maize in sandy soil

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2017.109.2.21 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 109 (2) ◽

pp. 383 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Samiha Abou El-Fetouh Ouda ◽

Abd El-Hafeez A. Zohry ◽

Wael Ahmed Hamd-Alla ◽

El-Sayed Shalaby

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soil ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Total Production ◽

Applied Water ◽

Irrigation Amount ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Crop Sequence

The objective of this paper was to assess four crop sequence system including wheat and maize grown in sandy soil of Upper Egypt with respect to the applied irrigation amount for each crop sequence, total production and water productivity. Two field experiments were conducted in Egypt during 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons. Each experiment included four crop sequences: maize then wheat (CS1); maize, short season clover (SSC) then wheat (CS2); cowpea, SSC then wheat (CS3); cowpea intercropped with maize, SSC then wheat (CS4). The lowest amount of applied water was added to CS1 which resulted with low value of wheat and maize yield and the lowest water productivity. The highest amount of applied water was applied to CS2 and CS4 (similar values). The highest wheat yield and water productivity were obtained in CS3. The highest maize yield and water productivity was obtained from CS4. The highest total production (170.88 and 213.43 CU ha-1 in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively) and water productivity (0.093 and 0.114 CU m-3 in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively) for the studied crop sequences was obtained from CS3. In conclusion, higher water productivity for wheat in sandy soil can be attain by cultivating two legume crops before it (CS3); and for maize, it should be intercropped with a legume crop (CS4).

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Acidified Biochar as a Soil Amendment to Drought Stressed (Vicia faba L.) Plants: Influences on Growth and Productivity, Nutrient Status, and Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1290

Author(s):

Taia A. Abd El-Mageed ◽

Eman E. Belal ◽

Mohamed O. A. Rady ◽

Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed ◽

Elsayed Mansour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Water Use ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Water Status ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Use Efficiency

Drought is one of the major threats to global food security. Biochar use in agriculture has received much attention and improving it through chemical modification offers a potential approach for enhancing crop productivity. There is still limited knowledge on how acidified biochar influences soil properties, and consequently its influences on the agricultural productivity of drought stressed plants. The water use efficiency (I-WUE) of drought stressed faba beans was investigated through the effects of acidified biochar (ACBio) (a 3:100 (w:w) combination of citric acid and biochar) on soil properties, growth, productivity, nutrient uptake, water productivity (WP), and irrigation. Two field experiments (2016/2017 and 2017/2018) were conducted in saline soil (ECe, 7.2 dS m−1) on faba been plants grown under three irrigation regimes (i.e., 100, 80, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) combined with three levels of ACBio (0, 5, and 10 t ha−1). Plants exposed to water stress presented a significant decrease in plant height, dry matter, leave area, chlorophyll content (SPAD), the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and PI), water status (membrane stability index and relative water content), and seed yield. Acidified biochar soil incorporation improved soil properties (chemical and physical), plant growth, physiological responses, WP, I-WUE, and contents of N, P, K, and Ca. Results revealed that the application of ACBio at 10 t ha−1 and 5 t ha−1 significantly increased seed yield by 38.7 and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the control. Therefore, ACBio incorporation may find application in the future as a potential soil amendment for improving growth and productivity of faba bean plants under deficit irrigation.

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CropSyst model for wheat under deficit irrigation using sprinkler and drip irrigation in sandy soil

Journal of Water and Land Development ◽

10.1515/jwld-2015-0016 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tahany Noreldin ◽

Samiha Ouda ◽

Oussama Mounzer ◽

Magdi T. Abdelhamid

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Stress Index ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Losses

AbstractCropSyst (Cropping Systems Simulation) is used as an analytic tool for studying irrigation water management to increase wheat productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to 1) calibrate CropSyst model for wheat grown under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, 2) to use the simulation results to analyse the relationship between applied irrigation amount and the resulted yield and 3) to simulate the effect of saving irrigation water on wheat yield. Drip irrigation system in three treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) and under sprinkler irrigation system in five treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of ETc) were imposed on these experiments. Results using CropSyst calibration revealed-that results of using CropSyst calibration revealed that the model was able to predict wheat grain and biological yield, with high degree of accuracy. Using 100% ETc under drip system resulted in very low water stress index (WSI = 0.008), whereas using 100% ETc sprinkler system resulted in WSI = 0.1, which proved that application of 100% ETc enough to ensure high yield. The rest of deficit irrigation treatments resulted in high yield losses. Simulation of application of 90% ETc not only reduced yield losses to either irrigation system, but also increased land and water productivity. Thus, it can be recommended to apply irrigation water to wheat equal to 90% ETc to save on the applied water and increase water productivity.

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Improving Water Use Efficiency under Deficit Irrigation in the Jordan Valley

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4317 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maisa’a Shammout ◽

Tala Qtaishat ◽

Hala Rawabdeh ◽

Muhammad Shatanawi

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Winter Season ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Jordan Valley ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

T1 And T2

The Jordan Valley is the prime irrigated agricultural area in Jordan which suffers shortage of water putting severe limitation on water allocation to farmers. To alleviate the problem, deficit irrigation was proposed for some vegetables such as bell pepper. Two field experiments in two growing seasons were conducted using bell pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to assess the effect of deficit irrigation on yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and water productivity (WP). The treatments were three irrigation levels: 100% (T1), 80% (T2), and 60% (T3) of the calculated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using class A pan method. A cost–benefit analysis was carried out to determine the best economically suitable season for crop growth. The yields in both seasons were higher under T1, but there was no difference in WUE and WP between T1 and T2. The yield, WUE, and WP for T3 were significantly lower than for T1 and T2. Therefore, it is recommended to irrigate at 80% of ET. The best results were obtained for the total gross margin and the net present value in the winter season. Using deficit irrigation reduces water usage without significant yield loss, meanwhile maintaining relatively high WUE and supporting the sustainability of agriculture in the Jordan Valley.

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Consumptive water footprints, water use efficiencies and productivities of rice under alternate wetting and drying for Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2021.068 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Biswas ◽

D. R. Mailapalli ◽

N. S. Raghuwanshi

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Consumptive Water

Abstract An experimental study was carried out with medium duration rice variety (IR 36) during kharif and rabi seasons of 2015/16 and 2016/17 to investigate the effect of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) practice on water use efficiency, productivity, and consumptive water footprints of rice. The performance of AWD practice was compared with the conventionally (CON) irrigated rice using non-weighing lysimeters. The study resulted that by managing the alternate wetting and drying up to 15 cm below the ground level, a significant reduction in water input (26–29% in kharif and 22–27% in rabi season) could be achieved under AWD. A reduction in evapotranspiration (about 6% in both kharif and rabi seasons) was also observed under AWD. Reduction in consumptive water footprint (about 2–3% in kharif and 2–5% in rabi) was obtained under AWD. Reductions in blue water footprints (7% in kharif and 4–5% in rabi) was also observed under AWD. On average, crop water use efficiency was significantly enhanced by 27–33% and 20–29% in the respective kharif and rabi seasons under AWD practice. Significant improvement in total water productivity by 29–37% and 23–35% in the respective two seasons exhibited the superiority of AWD over CON during the two years of field experiments.

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Effect of mulching, row direction and spacing on microclimate and wheat yield at Ludhiana

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v21i1.202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

L.K. DHALIWAL ◽

G.S. BUTTAR ◽

P.K. KINGRA ◽

SUKHVIR SINGH ◽

SUKHJEET KAUR

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Variety ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Growth Stages ◽

East West

The field experiments were conducted in rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm, Ludhiana, Punjab. Wheat variety (WH 1105) was sown in two row directions viz, east-west (E-W) and north-south (N-S) with three row spacing as S1 (15 cm), S2 (22.5 cm) and S3 (30 cm), and two mulching levels viz., Mo (No mulch) and M1 (mulch at the rate of 5t ha-1). PAR interception, canopy temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were recorded periodically during the crop season in all the treatments. The results revealed that the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 4- 5 per cent higher in E-W than N-S row direction which contributed 1.67 q ha-1 higher grain yield. Better utilization of solar radiation was observed in 15.0 cm row spacing and the canopy temperature was 0.5°C higher in unmulched crop as compared to mulched crop during both years. Straw mulching @ 5t ha-1 improved soil moisture and regulated soil temperature. Mean soil temperature was higher (1.0 ºC) under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop. The soil moisture was 4-5 per cent higher under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop which ultimately resulted in higher soil temperature during early growth stages. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded in mulched crop as compared to unmulched.

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Altering microclimate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by adjusting sowing dates, irrigation and nitrogen application in semi-arid and arid agroclimatic conditions of Punjab

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v23i3.27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 272-278

Author(s):

HARKANWALJOT SINGH ◽

P. K. KINGRA ◽

R. K. PAL ◽

SOM PAL SINGH

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Degree Days ◽

Area Index ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Semi Arid

Field experiments were conducted during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 and results of both the years were pooled to evaluate the microclimate of wheat under five dates of sowing, two nitrogen and two irrigation levels at Ludhiana and Bathinda representing semi-arid and arid agroclimatic regions of Punjab. Soil temperature reported during seed emergence was maximum in early sown (20th October) crop and decreased with delay in sowing at both the locations under study. Canopy temperature from 60 DAS onwards was recorded lower in 5th November and higher in 20th December sown crop while in case of irrigation and nitrogen levels, it was lower under optimal irrigation (I1) and recommended nitrogen (N1) application. Stress degree days (SDD) calculated were also lowest in 5th November sown crop (-323.6oC) and these were lower in N1 (-271.3oC) and I1 (-274.9oC) during both the years, respectively. Better crop growth and hence, leaf area index resulted in higher PAR interception in October sown with optimal irrigation and recommended nitrogen level. Canopy temperature at different periodic intervals (75, 90, 105 and 120 DAS) showed negative correlation with grain yield (R2 = 0.76, 0.75, 0.71 and 0.70, respectively). Similarly, SDD had negative relation with wheat yield (R2 = 0.74).

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Validation of DRAS model for irrigation of wheat

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v35i3.6447 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 403-411

Author(s):

PK Sarkar ◽

MS Islam ◽

SK Biswas ◽

MA Hossain ◽

S Hassan

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Wheat Variety ◽

Model Performance ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Ecological Zone ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Irrigated Wheat

The study was conducted to validate the Drought Assessment (DRAS) model developed by the Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS) for irrigation scheduling of wheat (variety: Shatabdi). The performance of the model was compared with the results obtained from the BARI recommended irrigation schedule. The field experiments were carried out during the years 2005-2006 through 2007-2008 in two agro-ecological zones. The locations were RARS, Jamalpur under agro-ecological zone 9 and farmers’ field of FSR site, OFRD, Barind, Rajshahi under agro-ecological zone 26. Six different irrigation treatments including one rainfed with three replications were considered for the study. In respect of yield, BARI recommended irrigation practice performed better in Jamalpur (3.642 t/ha on average). Application of net irrigation requirement (NIR) as per DRAS model based on reported value yielded highest (3.598 t/ha on average) in the Barind area, Rajshahi. However, the yields from all irrigated treatments were very close to each other. From three years’ study, the model performance was found quite satisfactory for irrigated wheat, especially in drought prone areas like Barind, Rajshahi. In respect of water productivity, the model performed almost similar to the BARI recommended practice in Jamalpur. It performed better in Barind region where irrigation water was used by the crop more efficiently. Keywords: DRAS model; irrigation; wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i3.6447Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(3) : 403-411

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ENHANCING FURROW IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH BETTER DESIGN AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN A CRACKED SOIL

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51i5.1135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 1276-1289

Author(s):

Karim & Karim

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Preferential Flow ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Furrow Irrigation ◽

Irrigation Performance ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Cracked Soil

Furrow irrigation is widely used because of its low cost and energy requirement, but less efficient compared with the pressurized irrigation systems. Management of water resources in Vertisols is more problematic compared to other soil groups. This soil is representing a vast crop production resource and account for a considerable portion of the region under study. The preferential flow has a profound effect on the performance furrow irrigation in cracked soils. Accordingly, itis of vital importance to select the most appropriate management practices to improve the performance of surface irrigation in these soils. Accordingly, a series of field experiments were conducted over a cracked soil at a research farm located in the outskirt of Sulaimani city during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 with furrow lengths in the range of 30 to 70 m. The main objectives were to improve the performance of furrow irrigation and water use efficiency of eggplant by changing furrow shape and length by application different irrigation techniques. The results indicated that irrigation efficiency tended to increase by reducing furrow length, by decreasing available water depletion and by changing the furrow shape. Overall, the applied irrigation treatments can be ranked according to the degree of their effectiveness in term of irrigation performance, eggplant fruit yield and water use efficiency as follows: Surge flow > Fixed furrow irrigation > Alternate furrow irrigation > Cutback > continuous flow.

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