Mathematical modeling of extractive distillation of butyl propionate - propionic acid mixture

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Farid N. Bedretdinov ◽  
Semen A. Prudnikov ◽  
Tatiana V. Chelyuskina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Acid Mixture

Microsporogenesis in Larix laricina

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Peter Hall
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Abnormal Chromosome ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Male Strobili

Microsporogenesis was studied in Larix laricina in eastern Newfoundland at weekly intervals from October to April in four successive seasons. Male strobili were fixed in a 3:1 ethanol – propionic acid mixture, stained in alcoholic carmine, and squashed in 45% acetic acid.Pollen mother cells began development from interphase in early October and passed through leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene by mid-November. They remained in diplotene until mid-March to early April when meiosis was completed over a 2-to 4-week period. Microspores were produced by early May. The pattern of meiotic divisions, their duration, and variability within and between trees in L. laricina was similar to those reported for L. decidua, L. kaempferi, L. sibirica, and L. eurolepis.Deviation from the normal pattern occurred infrequently. In six trees the "resting diplotene" of winter was interrupted on one occasion and some male strobili had a "delayed meiosis" which occurred several days after meiosis in all other sampled strobili. Abnormal chromosome separations were observed on a few occasions; these consisted mostly of lagging chromosomes, a common abnormality in Larix meiosis. The implications for pollen development and seed yield are discussed.La microsporogénèse chez Larix laricina dans l'est de Terre-Neuve a été étudiée à intervalles hebdomadaires d'octobre à avril, pendant quatre années successives. Les strobiles mâles étaient fixés dans un mélange 3 : 1 d'éthanol – acide propionique, colorés au carmin alcoolique et écrasés dans l'acide acétique 45%.

scholarly journals Chemicals with a natural reference for controlling water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Abd El-Ghafar El-Shahawy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

AbstractLife cannot exist without water. Appropriate management of water, from the water’s source to its utilization, is necessary to sustain life. Aquatic weeds pose a serious threat to aquatic environments and related eco-environments. Short- and long-term planning to control aquatic weeds is extremely important. Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, is one of the world’s worst pests with a bad reputation as an invasive weed. In this study we are seeking the possibility of using certain chemicals with a natural background, for controlling water hyacinth since there is a delicate balance that needs to be taken into account when using herbicides in water. Five compounds, namely: acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, and propionic acid, in three concentrations (10, 15, and 20%) were applied (i.e. as a foliar application under wire-house conditions) and compared with the use of the herbicide glyphosate (1.8 kg ∙ ha−1). All of the five compounds performed well in the control of the water hyacinth. As expected, the efficacy increased as the concentration was increased from 10 to 20%. With formic and propionic acids, the plants died earlier than when the other acids or the herbicide glyphosate, were used. Acetic acid came after formic and propionic acids in terms of efficacy. Citric acid ranked last. Formic acid/propionic acid mixtures showed superior activity in suppressing water hyacinth growth especially at the rate of (8 : 2) at the different examined concentrations (3 or 5 or 10%) compared to the formic acid/acetic acid mixtures. Using the formic acid/propionic acid mixture (8 : 2; at 3%) in the open field, provided good control and confirmed the viability of these chemicals in the effective control of water hyacinth. Eventually, these chemical treatments could be used on water for controlling water hyacinth. In the future, these chemicals could probably replace the traditional herbicides widely used in this regard. These chemicals are perceived as environmentally benign for their rapid degradation to carbon dioxide and water. For maximum efficiency thorough coverage especially in bright sunlight is essential.

scholarly journals Process of separating acetonitrile and water using LTTMs as entrainer

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chengshuai Li ◽  
Wencheng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Consumption Energy

Abstract New extractive distillation configurations, which use low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) as entrainers, have attracted widespread attention among scholars due to their green processes. Furthermore, the design and comparison of different processes can promote the application of new solvents in the future. In this study, two extractive distillation processes, the extractive distillation column (ED) and the extraction dividing wall column (EDW), were selected from previous work. The separation process of acetonitrile (ACN)-water ternary mixtures was studied, and GC3:1(choline chloride/glycolic acid mixture (molar mass 1:3)) and EC2:1((choline chloride/ethylene glycol 1:2 molar mass) were used as entrainers. Minimum consumption energy and the purity of ACN and water were set as the goals, and our sensitivity analysis and economic evaluation results showed that both ED and EDW were effective. As a result, LTTMs can be used in extractive distillation for azeotrope separation.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON SHORT-TERM PRESERVATION OF WET BREWERS’ GRAIN STORED IN UNCOVERED PILES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. ALLEN ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON ◽  
J. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Quality Material ◽  
Measuring Ph

Fresh wet brewers’ grains at 23.0% dry matter and 4.7% total nitrogen (dry matter basis) were obtained from a brewery. The effects of the following additives on the preservation of brewers’ grains, stored in uncovered piles, were compared to an untreated control during a 14-day storage period: 85% formic acid at 0.20 and 0.40%; propionic acid and formic–propionic mixture (1:1) at 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40%; and molasses at 2.00%. Piles of brewers’ grains were placed outside on polyethylene sheeting. The quality of the wet brewers’ grains was determined by measuring pH, organic acid and ammoniacal-nitrogen content of surface and subsurface samples taken at three intervals during the 14-day study. As well, visible surface changes were noted daily during the 2-wk period. A rapid increase in acetic acid in the subsurface samples was detected for brewers’ grains treated with the low and medium rates (0.20 and 0.30%) of both propionic and formic–propionic, 2.00% molasses and the untreated control. As well, extensive mold growth, discoloration and dry matter deterioration were noted for these treatments. The two rates (0.20 and 0.40%) of formic acid and the high rate (0.40%) of propionic acid were effective in reducing subsurface deterioration, but were unable to reduce the amount of surface spoilage. The high rate (0.40%) of the formic–propionic acid mixture effectively reduced all aspects of deterioration to maintain quality material during the 14-day study.

scholarly journals Separation of water – formic acid – acetic acid mixtures in the presence of sulfolane

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Raeva ◽  
O. V. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Distillation Flowsheets ◽  
Main Factor

In this paper, extractive distillation flowsheets for water–formic acid–acetic acid mixtures were designed. Flowsheets not involving preliminary dehydration were considered, and the relative volatilities of the components in the presence of sulfolane were analyzed. The result of extractive distillation depends on the amount of sulfolane. The structure of the flowsheet is determined by the results of the basic ternary mixture extractive distillation. In three-column flowsheets (schemes I, II), water is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. In the second column, distillation of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture is carried out, yielding formic acid (90 wt %) and acetic acid (80 wt %). The recycled flow is returned to the first column. Dilution of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture with sulfolane (second column of flowsheet II) allows for acids of higher quality (main substance content equal to or more than 98.5 wt %) to be obtained. Flowsheet III includes four columns and two recycling stages. First, the water–formic acid mixture is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. Then, water and formic acid are separated in a two-column complex by extractive distillation, also with sulfolane. We were carrying out calculations for column working pressure 101.32 and 13.33 kPa. To prevent thermal decomposition of sulfolane, working pressure for regeneration columns was always 13.33 kPa. The extractive distillation column of the basic three-component mixture is the main factor contributing to the total energy consumption for separation (in all schemes).

EFFET DES APPLICATIONS REPETEES D’HERBICIDES ET DES DATES DE PREPARATION DU SOL SUR LES CHANGEMENTS DE POPULATIONS DES MAUVAISES HERBES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. DESCHENES ◽  
R. RIOUX
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The immediate and residual effect of diclofop methyl (2(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester)), diclofop methyl plus 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid), and the 2,4-D/mecoprop (2,(4-chloro-1-tolyl oxy) propionic acid)/dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) mixture applied during 2 consecutive yr and for two dates of soil preparation has been evaluated on plots sown and unsown with oats (Avena sativa L.). The population changes observed during the 2 yr of herbicide applications have been related to the nature of the products and were of short duration. No difference between the herbicide treatments has been observed 1 yr after the treatment. Soil preparation in early June and the presence of oats have reduced considerably the weed populations during the 2 yr of herbicide applications. This effect has been noticeable 1 yr after the treatments. Herbicides are not solely responsible for weed population changes. From this study, it appears that cultural practices play a role as important as herbicides in controlling weed populations at least on a short-term basis.

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