scholarly journals Separation of water – formic acid – acetic acid mixtures in the presence of sulfolane

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Raeva ◽  
O. V. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Distillation Flowsheets ◽  
Main Factor

In this paper, extractive distillation flowsheets for water–formic acid–acetic acid mixtures were designed. Flowsheets not involving preliminary dehydration were considered, and the relative volatilities of the components in the presence of sulfolane were analyzed. The result of extractive distillation depends on the amount of sulfolane. The structure of the flowsheet is determined by the results of the basic ternary mixture extractive distillation. In three-column flowsheets (schemes I, II), water is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. In the second column, distillation of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture is carried out, yielding formic acid (90 wt %) and acetic acid (80 wt %). The recycled flow is returned to the first column. Dilution of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture with sulfolane (second column of flowsheet II) allows for acids of higher quality (main substance content equal to or more than 98.5 wt %) to be obtained. Flowsheet III includes four columns and two recycling stages. First, the water–formic acid mixture is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. Then, water and formic acid are separated in a two-column complex by extractive distillation, also with sulfolane. We were carrying out calculations for column working pressure 101.32 and 13.33 kPa. To prevent thermal decomposition of sulfolane, working pressure for regeneration columns was always 13.33 kPa. The extractive distillation column of the basic three-component mixture is the main factor contributing to the total energy consumption for separation (in all schemes).

scholarly journals Chemicals with a natural reference for controlling water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Abd El-Ghafar El-Shahawy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

AbstractLife cannot exist without water. Appropriate management of water, from the water’s source to its utilization, is necessary to sustain life. Aquatic weeds pose a serious threat to aquatic environments and related eco-environments. Short- and long-term planning to control aquatic weeds is extremely important. Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, is one of the world’s worst pests with a bad reputation as an invasive weed. In this study we are seeking the possibility of using certain chemicals with a natural background, for controlling water hyacinth since there is a delicate balance that needs to be taken into account when using herbicides in water. Five compounds, namely: acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, and propionic acid, in three concentrations (10, 15, and 20%) were applied (i.e. as a foliar application under wire-house conditions) and compared with the use of the herbicide glyphosate (1.8 kg ∙ ha−1). All of the five compounds performed well in the control of the water hyacinth. As expected, the efficacy increased as the concentration was increased from 10 to 20%. With formic and propionic acids, the plants died earlier than when the other acids or the herbicide glyphosate, were used. Acetic acid came after formic and propionic acids in terms of efficacy. Citric acid ranked last. Formic acid/propionic acid mixtures showed superior activity in suppressing water hyacinth growth especially at the rate of (8 : 2) at the different examined concentrations (3 or 5 or 10%) compared to the formic acid/acetic acid mixtures. Using the formic acid/propionic acid mixture (8 : 2; at 3%) in the open field, provided good control and confirmed the viability of these chemicals in the effective control of water hyacinth. Eventually, these chemical treatments could be used on water for controlling water hyacinth. In the future, these chemicals could probably replace the traditional herbicides widely used in this regard. These chemicals are perceived as environmentally benign for their rapid degradation to carbon dioxide and water. For maximum efficiency thorough coverage especially in bright sunlight is essential.

scholarly journals Process of separating acetonitrile and water using LTTMs as entrainer

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chengshuai Li ◽  
Wencheng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Consumption Energy

Abstract New extractive distillation configurations, which use low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) as entrainers, have attracted widespread attention among scholars due to their green processes. Furthermore, the design and comparison of different processes can promote the application of new solvents in the future. In this study, two extractive distillation processes, the extractive distillation column (ED) and the extraction dividing wall column (EDW), were selected from previous work. The separation process of acetonitrile (ACN)-water ternary mixtures was studied, and GC3:1(choline chloride/glycolic acid mixture (molar mass 1:3)) and EC2:1((choline chloride/ethylene glycol 1:2 molar mass) were used as entrainers. Minimum consumption energy and the purity of ACN and water were set as the goals, and our sensitivity analysis and economic evaluation results showed that both ED and EDW were effective. As a result, LTTMs can be used in extractive distillation for azeotrope separation.

Evaluation of Dye Fixatives – A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. John Sundar ◽  
C. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Spent Liquor ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Dyeing is the important unit process in leather manufacturing, which adds value to the leather. Although formic acid is used for fixing of dyes in leather processing, difficulties do arise in fixation of certain dye stuffs. Further high quantities of formic acid used do create health issues and adds to high cost of production. Compounds such as formic acid, acetic acid, mixture of organic acids and quaternary ammonium compounds have been found to function as dye fixatives. The efficacy of these compounds to function as dye fixatives for various dye stuffs and substances either alone or along with formic acid has been studied in detail in this work. The physical and color characteristics of leather and spent liquor analysis have been carried out.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION FLOWSHEETS OF FOUR-COMPONENT SOLVENT MIXTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Ryzhkin ◽  
Valentina M. Raeva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Distillation Flowsheets ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

A comparative analysis of energy consumption for extractive distillation flowsheets was carried out. This was done by the example of methanol - ethanol - acetonitrile - mixture. These solvents are used in pharmaceutical industries. The basic system methanol - ethanol - acetonitrile - water contains four binary and one ternary minimum-boiling azeotropes. Pressure change has almost no effect on the location of separatric surfaces. Therefore, extractive distillation should be used to separate solvents mixtures of any composition. Industrial entrainers dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol are considered as selective agents. The effect of entrainer on vapor-liquid equilibrium at 30 and 101.32 kPa was evaluated by the relative volatility of the components forming azeotropes and the selectivity of the agents. The simulation was carried out on the Aspen Plus V.10.0 program environment. Two extractive distillation flosheets for the methanol - ethanol - acetonitrile - water separation are investigated. Both schemes include a two-column complex for the extractive distillation of the base mixture: in the first column, organic solvents are separated from water, and in the second column, the agent is regenerated. For subsequent separation of acetonitrile, extractive distillation with dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol is also used. But separation of methanol-ethanol - entrainert zeotropic mixtures differs in the order of separation of components in schemes I and II. In scheme I, regeneration of the agent and further separation of the alcohol mixture is provided, in scheme II, methanol is first isolated, and then ethanol is separated from the agent. The optimized results for both schemes at columns pressures 30 and 101.32 kPa are performed. Different sets of selective agents introduced into extractive distillation columns are considered. The concept of an effective set of entrainers is introduced. The evaluation of the design alternatives need the assessment of energy demands. Total energy consumption for separation (reboiler duty) for the scheme II at 35-38% higher than values for scheme I. On the criterion of the minimum total energy consumption for the separation the scheme I was recommended: pressure columns 30 kPa, effective set of entrainers: glycerol for dehydration of the base mixture and dimethyl sulfoxide for acetonitrile isolation.

INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF ORGANIC ACID-TREATED BARLEY SILAGE FED TO STEERS AND SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. CANDLISH ◽  
K. W. CLARK ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
Weight Gain Data ◽  
Lactic Acids

Chopped barley, 35–40% dry matter, was treated with 0.41% formic acid, 0.43% formic acid-formaldehyde mixture, 0.43% formic acid–acetic acid mixture, and 0.34% ChemStor (propionic acid–acetic acid) at the time of ensiling. The silages were fed to 60 growing beef calves during 154 days for intake and weight gain data and to eight sheep during 16 wk for digestibility studies. Acid treatment of barley prior to ensiling tended to reduce soluble nitrogen of the silage. Less acetic and lactic acids were present in acid-treated silages. Feed intake was not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Weight gain was lower (P < 0.05) for calves receiving formic–formaldehyde and formic acid-treated silage compared with those receiving nontreated silage. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) for the three treatments containing formic acid compared with nontreated silage. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, and organic matter were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Treatment of silage with formic acid-formaldehyde resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility compared with control and ChemStor-treated silages. A better preservation of original plant carbohydrates when acids were added was indicated by a lower concentration of acetic and lactic acids in acid-treated silages.

Confirmatory Tests for Aflatoxin B1

1964 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter John Andrellos ◽  
George R Reid
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Trifluoroacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract Three confirmatory tests have been devised to identify aflatoxin B±. Portions of the isolated toxin are treated with formic acid-thionyl chloride, acetic acid-thionyl chloride, and trifluoroacetic acid, respectively, and aliquots of the three fluorescent reaction products are spotted on thin-layer chromatography plates. Standards treated with each of the three reagents, plus an untreated standard, are spotted on the same plate, and after development the spots are compared under ultraviolet light.

α-DEUTERIUM KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN SOLVOLYSES OF endo-NORBORNYL p-BROMOBENZENESULFONATE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 2254-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lee ◽  
Edward W. C. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Aqueous Dioxane ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Different Temperatures

endo-Norbornyl-2-d p-bromobenzenesulfonate was synthesized and the isotope effects, as measured by kH/kD, were determined over a range of temperatures for solvolyses in 30% water – 70% dioxane, acetic acid, and formic acid. Values of kH/kD are of the order of 1.20. The data appear to indicate slightly higher isotope effects as the solvents are changed from aqueous dioxane to acetic acid to formic acid, as well as somewhat higher isotope effects at lower temperatures. Possible mechanistic implications of these results are presented. Relative titrimetric acetolysis rates, kexo/kendo, at different temperatures, and enthalpies and entropies of activation for these acetolyses are evaluated and discussed.

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