Rumen Fermentative Properties of Pregnant West African Dwarf Does Fed Diets Containing Algae Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-430
Author(s):  
Odunfa O A
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding algae biomass rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids at 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%, respectively, using Panicum maximum as basal feed, on rumen fermentative properties of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) does. A total of twenty (20) pregnant WAD does were grouped into four treatments containing five (5) animals per treatment and randomly allotted to the experimental diets. Rumen fluid were collected prior to mating and at the last trimester of pregnancy for determination of rumen fermentative properties. Data obtained were subjected to one way Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Inclusion of algae biomass up to 4.5% had no significant (p>0.05) effect on bacteria population in the rumen of the experimental does. The inclusion levels of algae biomass gave rise to the predominance of Eischeria coli (a gram negative bacterium) in the rumen of pregnant does fed the algae biomass diet. Results obtained showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the values obtained for ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen of the pregnant does when compared to the values recorded prior to mating. The total volatile fatty acid production and its molar proportion in the rumen fluid were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the inclusion of algae biomass.

Degradation of Crude Protein in Groundnut Cake, Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum) and Rumen Epithelial Scraping based Diets by West African Dwarf Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
O. A. Ogunwole ◽  
A. Akinfemi ◽  
A. O Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Three West African dwarf rams fitted with rumen cannula, were used in a completely randomized design for degradation of crude protein (CP) of groundnut cake (GNC), Panicum maximum, rumen epithelial scraping (RES), and diets containing increasing levels of RES. Concentrate diets were formulated such that 0% (A), 50% (B), and 100% (C) of groundnut cake were replaced with RES in a diet containing 20% GNC. The soluble fraction a, insoluble fraction b and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) obtained for GNC, grass and RES varied significantly (P<0.05). Significant (P<0.05) variations were also observed for a, b and RUP of the test ingredients. Effective degradability (ED) of CP in GNC, grass and RES (at outflow rate of 0.02) were 38.19, 19.63 and 2.13 respectively. The ED values obtained for the diets decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased inclusion of RES. Panicum maximum and RES contained significantly higher (P<0.05) level of RUP when compared with GNC. The RUP values obtained for the diets were not influenced (P>0.05) by the inclusion of RES.

scholarly journals Performance of West African dwarf goats fed Panicum maximum and concentrate diets supplemented with Lablab (Lablab purpureus), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) foliage.

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
O. J. Babayemi ◽  
F. T. Ajayi ◽  
A. A. Taiwo ◽  
M. A. Bamikole ◽  
A. K. Fajimi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
West African ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design

Performance of Sixteen West African dwarf (WAD) goats were evaluated by feeding varying proportions of Lablab purpureus (LP) and Panicum maximum (PM) based diets. The study lasted for 105 days during which Leucaena leucocephala (LL) with Panicum maximum (PM) were fed at ratio 25:75 (T), Gliricidia sepium (GS) and PM at ratio 25:75 (T) and Lablab purpureus (LP) with PM were fed at ratio 25:75 (T) and 50:50 (T)) respectively. Concentrate (13 % CP) was given to the animals at 1 % body weight. The animals were arranged in a completely randomized design. Parameters such as feed intake, growth rate, digestibility and nitrogen balance were monitored. The DM intake (g/kgW0.75/day) was not significant among the treatment means. Animals placed on 50 % lablab had better dry matter than goats in other treatments. Treatment 3 and 4 had highest values 115.71 and 121.87 respectively than the control, Treatment, The crude protein intake (g/ kgW0.75/day) was highest in treatment 4 (23.97) and lowest in treatment 3 (20.57). The liveweight gain (g/day) was highest in animals fed with leucaena and those on 50% lablab. The digestibility of DM, CP, ADF, ADL and NDF were generally higher than the control and best in the 50 % lablab supplementation. The N balance (g/kgW0.75/day) and retention were also highest in 50% lablab and lowest in 25 % Gliricidia supplemented diet. Result indicated that feeding lablab at 50 % supplementation with Panicum marimum-diets could lead to improve feed intake, weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen utilization in WAD

scholarly journals Effects of Garlic Powder (Allium Sativum) Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics of West African Dwarf Rams

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin Folake Alamuoye ◽  
Adekum Maria Kikelomo
Keyword(s):  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Garlic Powder ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effect of garlic powder (Allium sativum) supplementation on quantitative carcass and non- carcass characteristics of West African Dwarf Rams was investigated. A total of 40 West African Dwarf yearling rams were randomly assigned to five dietary groups in a completely randomized design. Each group contained eight rams (two rams of four replicates) assigned separately to five dietary treatments having garlic powder as supplements at 0% (control, diet 1), 0.2% (diet 2), 0.4% (diet 3), 0.6% (diet 4) and 0.8% (diet 5) respectively. Rams in each replicate were housed in individual pen and fed with Panicum maximum at 0.2 kg/ram/day as basal diets and water was provided ad libitum, for a period of 12 weeks. The result showed that the dressing percentage varied among treatment groups with the highest value (55.76±1.82%) obtained from rams fed 4% garlic powder inclusion (treatment 3). The carcass characteristics significantly varied (p<0.05) among treatments. Also, dietary treatments had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the composition of the non-carcass components. Meat to bone ratio was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the flank cut of treatment 5 than cut-parts of other treatments. The study concluded that garlic powder (Allium sativum) supplementation increased carcass yield of West African Dwarf ram.  

scholarly journals Performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed differently processed poultry droppings

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156
Author(s):  
U. Okah ◽  
R. K. Anokwuru ◽  
V. O. Onyearu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
West African ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Poultry Droppings ◽  
Biochemical Indices

A 56 day trial was carried out to evaluate the response of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed processed poultry dropping. Nine (9) West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks were assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with 3 bucks per treatment. The diets contained poultry dropping at 0% (T1), 10% sun dried poultry dropping (SDPD, T2) and 10% toasted poultry dropping (TPD, T3). The parameters evaluated included: dry matter intake (DMI), changes in body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), heart girth (HGC), body length (BLC) and height at withers, hematological and biochemical indices, and carcass characteristics of the bucks. Proximate analyses of the sun-dried poultry dropping, toasted poultry dropping, the treatment diets and the forages (Panicum maximum and Centrocema spp.) were also carried out. Concentrate dry matter intakes were 184.65g, 150.05g and 183.62g while forage dry matter intakes were 494.04g, 569.70g and 555.66g for T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Concentrate dry matter intake was similar (P>0.05) in T1 and T3 groups, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than the T2 group. The T2 group consumed significantly higher (P<0.05) forage than the T1 and T3 groups. HGC and HWC were 5.67cm, 2.33cm and 4.67cm, and 5.00cm 4.67cm and 4.00cm respectively. T1 and T3 had higher HGC than T2 group, while the T2 group recorded higher HWC than the T1 and T3 groups. The hemoglobin (Hb) values varied significantly (p<0.05) among the treatment means, and they were, 12.30, 11.30 and 12.00g/dl respectively. PCV (%) and WBC(x103/mm3 varied significantly (p<0.05) and the values were 37.00, 34.00 and 36.00 (%), and 39.00, 56.07 and 42.50(x103/mm3 respectively. Neutrophil and lymphocyte were also influenced significantly, the values were, 15.00, 10, and 31.00%, and 83.00, 86.00, and 66.00% respectively. Only serum urea was affected among the biochemical components, and the values were 0.87, 0.90 and 0.97 mg/dl respectively. Dressing percentage were 34.62%, 37.75% and 42.60% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively; the T2 and T3 groups were similar (P>0.05) but T3 was higher than T1. The values for shoulder were 10.67%, 10, 74% and 8.05%; the full gut values were 47.20% 38.56% and 28.68% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Liver, kidney and heart were 2.90%, 2.22% and 1.93%; 0.55, 0.47% and 0.42%, and 0.72%, 0.57% and 0.58% for T1,   T2   and T3 respectively. T1 showed significantly (P<0.05) higher relative weight values for liver and heart than the T3 group. Inclusion of processed poultry dropping up to 10% in the diets of WAD bucks did not affect their performance negatively. However simple sun drying is recommended based on the results of this study and it is also a cheaper and straight forward processing method for poultry dropping.

scholarly journals Morphological Identification of Rumen Microbial Isolate and Rumen Metabolites of West African dwarf sheep supplemented with forage-based Multi-nutrient Blocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Isah ◽  
A. V. Ijiyemi ◽  
O. A. Ajayi ◽  
B. E. Afolabi ◽  
J. O. K. Talabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
West African ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
West African Dwarf

This study investigated the rumen fermentation parameters and rumen microbial identification of West African dwarf (WAD) sheep supplemented with forage – based multinutrient blocks (MNB). Twenty-five male WAD sheep, 9 – 12 months of age were used. The animals were randomly assigned to five formulated experimental multi-nutrient blocks having five animals per treatment and were fed with Panicum maximum ad libitum as basal diet for 84 days. The multi-nutrient blocks were Ipomoea triloba-based multi-nutrient block (IMNB), Merremia aegyptia-based multi-nutrient block (MMNB), Tithonia diversifoliabased multi-nutrient block (TMNB), Chromolaena-odorata based multi-nutrient block (CMNB) and Azadirachta indica-based multi-nutrient block (AMNB). The chemical composition, nutrient intake and concentration of rumen metabolites were statistically compared. Also, rumen microbes were isolated and identified. Results revealed that CMNB had highest (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein contents (87.48 and 22.75% respect ively) and sheep fed this block recorded highest dry matter and crude protein intakes (756.08 and 85.26 g/day respectively). Total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate and ammonia nitrogen concentrations as well as total viable bacteria count were higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed AMNB. Ruminococcus spp and Lactobacillus spp were among the group of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep fed forage based multi-nutrient blocks. It was concluded that feeding of forage based multi-nutrient blocks especially CMNB and AMNB to ruminant could improve rumen microbial count and fermentation products which can also improve the efficiency of the animals towards better performance.

scholarly journals Microbial population and blood parameters of West African dwarf goats fed scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) as additive

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
K. O. Adebayo ◽  
R. Y, Aderinboye ◽  
K. A. Sanwo ◽  
I. K. Oyewusi ◽  
O. A. Isah
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
West African Dwarf Goats ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Dwarf Goats

A study was carried out to determine the rumen microbial population and blood parameters of 20 West African dwarf goats fed Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) as additive in a concentrate supplement. The goats were divided into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 andT4) with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Four concentrate supplements were formulated to contain scent leaf at levels 0,5,10, and 15g/kg DM. Panicum maximum was the basal diet. Chemical composition of scent leaf and the diets were determined. Rumen fluid and blood were collected from the goats before and after the experiment to determine microbial population and blood parameters. Results showed that scent leaf has moderate crude protein of 10.61% and rich in tannin, saponin and oxalate. At the end of the experiment, bacteria and protozoa counts were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the experimental diets, however there was a reduction in their values. Fungi count was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the diets and their values reduced as the level of scent leaf in the diets increased. The highest count (0.35×106 cfu/ml) was obtained at T1 (control) and the lowest value (0.05×106cfu/ml) obtained in goats fed 15g/kg DM scent leaf (T4). Red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin values increased at the end of the study and were significantly (p<0.05) highest (15.03×1012/l, 36.50% and 13.32g/dl respectively) in goats fed T3 (10g/kg DM of O. gratissimum). Serum urea and cholesterol levels were significantly lowest in goats fed T3 and T4. Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were reduced by the experimental diets. It can therefore be concluded that scent leaf can be included in the diet of West African dwarf goats up to 10g/kg DM for improved RBC, PCV and Hb, and regulation of serum enzymes, urea and cholesterol levels

scholarly journals Supplementation levels for non-lactating cows grazing during the rainy season

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Joelson Antonio Silva ◽  
Luciano Da Silva Cabral ◽  
Daniel De Paula Sousa ◽  
André Soares de Oliveira ◽  
Rosemary Lais Galati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

This study aimed to evaluate levels of concentrate supplementation (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg day?1) for grazing dairy cows kept on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania pasture during the rainy season on nutrient intake and digestibility and rumen parameters. Four rumen cannulated non-lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were used in this study by a 4X4 Latin square design, which presented an average initial body weight of 521.69±31.98 kg. Each period lasted 17 days, being the first 10 days were used for animal adaptation and the remaining seven days for data collection. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation levels on total dry matter intake, although forage dry matter intake has been linearly decreased (P < 0.05). Treatments have no effect (P > 0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or ether extract. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) on daily rumination time and total rumination times according to supplementation levels. There was no significant effect of supplementation levels (P > 0.05) or time after supplementation on rumen pH. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to times after supplementation, with a maximum estimated concentration of 17.61 mg dL?1 at 3.87 h after supplementation. Increasing supplementation levels for grazing dairy cows reduces forage intake but has no negative effects on total dry matter intake or rumen-fluid pH.

Utilization of malted sorghum sprout, shrimp waste meal and Tephrosia bracteolate hay by West African dwarf sheep fed soybean stover based diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-267
Author(s):  
B. O. Oduguwa ◽  
O. J. Babayemi ◽  
A. O. Jolaosho ◽  
A. B. J. Aina ◽  
M. O. Ozoje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
West African ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Shrimp Waste ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design

In a completely randomized design, sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams aged between 10-15 months with an average pre-trial body weight of 14.5 kg were used to study the influence of a compounded concentrate diet (Diet 1), malted sorghum sprout (MSP) (Diet 2), shrimp waste meal (SWM) (Diet 3) and Tephrosia bracteolata hay (Diet 4) as supplement to soybean stover (SBS) + Panicum maximum hay for 13 weeks. The total DM intake was highest (P<0.05) for rams on Tephrosia bracteolata hay (153.89gd-1W0.75) and lowest for those on SWM (137.51gd-1W0.75). the highest (P<0.05) weight gain was recorded for sheep on Tephrosia (41.97gd-1) and lowest for SWM (13.73gd-1). The nitrogen retention of all the rams ranged between 68.53 and 70.65%. The DM digestibility ranged from 0.639 in SWM to 0.692 in concentrate diet. Organic matter digestibility ranged from 0.650 for SWM to 0.695 in concentrate while CP digestibility was 0.654 for SWM and 0.687 in Tephrosia. NDF digestibility varied between 0.563 in SWM and 0.6545 in MSP. Total serum protein (9.0g/dL), blood urea nitrogen(17.85mmol/L), cholesterol (158mg/dl) and plasma glucose (0.53 mmol/L) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in rams fed the concentrate (5.4g/dL, 11.06mmol/l, 15.6mg/dL, 0.38mmol/L), MSP (5.3g/dL, 10.7mmol/L, 152mg/dL, 0.3mmol/L) and Tephrosia (5.0g/dl, 9.63mmol/L, 143mg/dl, 0.3mm0l/L) in that order. It was concluded that these unconventional supplements could be fed with soybeans stover to improve feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization leading to a better weight gain with sheep.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and digestibility of selected browse plants fed in combination with Panicum maximum to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
U. Okah ◽  
E. A. Anita
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility of Panicum maximum fed in combination with selected browse plants to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. Four intact West African dwarf (WAD) bucks of mean body weight 17.50kg were used to conduct digestibility study in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design experiment. Four forage combinations, diets A, B, C and D were fed to the goats. Diet A, the control, was 100% Panicum maximuni, while diets B, C and D contained 60% Panicum maximum each plus 40% of Alchornea cordifolia, Manniophyton fulvum and Gmelina arborea, respectively. The study lasted 56 days in a 14 day x 4 change over periods. Data were collected on dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and digestibility. Simple linear regression and correlation were used to assess the degree of relationship between some of the digestion components. The result of proximate analysis indicated that the diets (P. max + browse) B, C and D had significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (%DM) contents of 81.12, 81.09 and 80.68%, respectively, than the 75.71% for diet A (sole P.max). Crude protein content of 17.56, 15.62 and 17.52%, respectively were also higher (p<0.05) than the 8.38%for diet A. There was higher (p<0.05) ether extract content of 2.43, 2.38 and 2.32%, for diets B, C, and D, respectively than the 1.32% for diet A. The ash content of 10.71, 9.78 and 9.76% for diets B, C and D respectively, were also higher (p<0.05) than the 7.83% for diets A. Metabolizable energy (MJKg-1) values of 1.41, 1.42 and 1.42 for diets B, C and D were also higher (p<0.05) than the 1.31 for diet A. However, the crude fibre value of the diet A (27.26%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 18.30, 19.30 and 18.58% for diets B, C and D. respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in DMI among treatment means. Vitro significantly (p<0.05) higher for animals fed diets B(15.04). C(13.12 ) and D(14.48 ) wherein P.max was fed in combination with browse plants than in the diet A( 6.28) group fed sole Pmax. Faecal nitrogen showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among treatment means. Urinary nitrogen was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet A group (0.39) than in diets B (0.30), C (0.34) and D (0.43) groups. There was positive nitrogen balance for all in the treatment groups. Apparent nitrogen digestibility (%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diets B (92.37). C (90.51) and D (97.63) groups than in diet A (79.49). Nitrogen intake (g/d) could not reliably predict faecal nitrogen (g/kgDM) in diets C and D groups. Absorbed nitrogen (g/d/WKg0.75) could not predict urinary nitrogen (g/d/WKg0.75) in any of the diets. Biological value (BV) of the diets were A (55), B (45), C (81) and D (97). The result of this study shows that the animals fed P. max + browse recorded higher DMI, nutrient intake and digestibility than the sole P.max diet. These evaluation indices were, however, mostly better in the diet B group (60% P.maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia). The combination of 60% P. maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia is therefore recommended for West African dwarf (WAD) goats reared in the humid tropics of Nigeria for optimum intake and improved nutrient utilization.

West African dwarf goats utilized bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal as feed supplement

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
A. O. Olosunde ◽  
S. M. Odeyinka
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
West African ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

This studywas carried out to determine the utilization and the optimumlevel of offer of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal (BLM) by West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. In a 20-week trial, twenty four WAD goats of both sexes, 5-7 months old, were randomly allotted to four treatments of graded levels of BLM(0% BLM(Control diet), 15% BLM, 30% BLMand 45% BLMdiets) in a completely randomized design to determine the utilization of bitter leafmeal as feed for goats. The dietswere used as supplements to a basal ration of Panicummaximum. Two digestibility trials were carried out. The digestible ether extract intake and digestible organic matter of goats on 0% BLM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the values obtained for goats on bitter leaf meal diets. The average daily weight gain (g/day) for goats on 0% BML was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of others. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the percentage mortality of the goats fed experimental diets. The percentagemortality of goats on 30% and 45%BLMwere significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of others. It is concluded that bitter leafmeal can be included in the diets of (WAD) goats up to15%without any deleterious effect.

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