scholarly journals Estimating 24 Hour Sodium Urine from Spot Urine: A Correlation Model Among Aged 25-64 in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ekowati Rahajeng ◽  
Nunik Kusumawardani ◽  
Rika Rachmawati ◽  
Fitrah Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Examination Method ◽  
Urine Examination

INTRODUCTION: Excess salt intake is known to raise blood pressure and turn increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Data and information on sodium consumption in Indonesia based is limited, while examination method using 24-hour urine examination is a complex method to apply in population based survey. Objective: to estimate value of spot urinary excretion against 24-hour urine values ​​and correction factors. METHOD: Validation was carried out through 24-hour urine and spot urine examination, in 423 individual aged 25-65 years in t Kebun Kelapa Village, Bogor City, Indonesia in 2017. Urine sodium examination method was carried out by laboratory examination inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Accuracy and precision are valued by paired test correlations and mean differences. The coefficient of determination (R Square) of is calculated for sodium intake estimation and correction factors. RESULTS: The morning value of sodium spot urine has better precision and a stronger correlation with the 24-hour sodium urine than the afternoon spot urine. The difference in average morning sodium urine with 24-hour urine sodium according to age and sex was not significantly different (t test 0.30 and p = 0.77), had a positive and moderate correlation (paired r = 0.50 and p = 0.00). The average difference between the estimated evening urine sodium spot was different (t test = 7.32 and p = 0.00), and the correlation was very weak (r = 0.25; p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The urine content / sodium spot level was accurate to estimate urine sodium value / content 24 hours.

scholarly journals Correlation Between Spot Urine Sodium, 24 Hour Urinary Sodium and Food Frequency Questionnairein Estimation of Salt Intake in Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Jaafar Maryam Kamiliah ◽  
Nordin Nani ◽  
Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Daily Sodium Intake

Background:Salt intake is a known contributor to increased blood pressure. However, it is rarely monitored in clinical practice. 24-hr urinary sodium (24-HrNa) is the gold standard method to estimate salt intake but this method is rather burdensome.Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate between spot urine sodium (SUNa), 24-HrNa and Na intake estimation by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (FFQNa).Methods : 430 healthy participants aged between 20-40 years old were recruited. Second morning voided urine samples were obtained from all participants to estimate SUNa. 24-HrNa samples were obtained from 77 out of 430 participants. All participants were required to answer a validated FFQ. Urine samples were analysed for Na using indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method. Daily sodium intake was calculated from the FFQ.Results:The mean daily sodium intake from 24-hrNa (n=77) was 155 mmol/day, SUNa (n=430) was 158 mmol/L and FFQNa (n=430) was 271 mmol/day. There was a moderate correlation between SUNa and 24-hrNa (ρ = 0.62, P < 0.000). No correlation was seen between both 24-hrNa and SUNa with FFQNa (ρ = 0.035, P = 0.768 and ρ = 0.026, P = 0.597 respectively).Conclusion: Spot urine Na is a simple cost-effective method to estimate daily Na intake and has the potential to replace 24-hour urinary Na.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 74-80

Low correlation between morning spot and 24-hour urine samples for estimating sodium intake in an Iranian population: Isfahan Salt Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Alireza Khosravi ◽  
Noushin Mohammadifard ◽  
Mojagn Gharipour ◽  
Zahra Abdollahi ◽  
Fatemeh Nouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Tanaka Formula

Abstract. Introduction: Although difficult, the 24-hour urine sodium excretion is still considered as the gold standard method to estimate salt intake. The current study aimed to assess the validity of using spot urine samples in comparison with the standard 24-hour urine collection to estimate sodium and potassium intake in healthy Iranian adults. Methods and subjects: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1099 healthy Iranians aged 18–69 years. Samples of 24-hour and fasting morning spot urine were collected to measure sodium and potassium excretions. Tanaka’s formula was utilized to predict the 24-hour sodium and potassium urinary excretions based on the spot values. Results: The difference between measured and estimated sodium excretion values was 4265 mg/day (95% CI: 4106–4424; P < 0.001) and 2242 mg/day in case of potassium excretion (95% CI: 2140–2344; P < 0.001). There was a weak significant correlation between the 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion and the predicted values (intraclass correlations: 0.22 and 0.28, respectively; both P < 0.001). Conclusion: The weak association between the predicted and measured values of sodium and potassium along with the marked overestimation of daily sodium and potassium excretions based on the spot urine and using Tanaka formula indicates that Tanaka formula is not practical for the prediction of sodium and potassium or salt intake in Iranian adults. Using other spot urine sampling times and/or adopting a formula designed based on the characteristics of the Iranian population may increase the validity of spot urine tests.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KUALITAS AUDIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Heru Heryanto ◽  
Nur Laela ◽  
Riana R Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique

This study aims to determine the significance of the influence of competence, independence, professionalism, auditor experience, accountability, and auditor's knowledge of audit quality. This study uses a questionnaire with a population and sample, namely all auditors who work at the Public Accounting Office (KAP) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Sampling techniques using Convenience Sampling with a sample of 61 respondents. The data used in this study is a questionnaire using a Likert scale 1 to 5. The data analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression using the SPSSprogram for Windows. The analysis tool in this study using validity and reliability, the classical assumption (normality test, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test) while the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression test, t test, F test and the coefficient of determination (R2).Based on the results of the t-test analysis performed, it shows that there is a positive influence of competence, independence, professionalism, auditor experience, accountability, and auditor's knowledge of audit quality and simultaneously competency, independence, professionalism, auditor experience, accountability, and auditor knowledge variables affect quality audit

Maintaining Customer Loyalty by Intensifying Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Commuter Line Jabodetabek

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
Umbas Krisnanto ◽  
◽  
Conny Marpaung ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Significance Level

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line. The sample of this study was 50 people. Methods of collecting data by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis using the analysis used is simple linear regression, t test and coefficient of determination. The results showed 1) Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a significance level of 0.048; and supported by the results of hypothesis testing with a t-count value of 4.433 > t-table value of 1.95, with a significance of 0.048 or < 0.05; 2) Customer Satisfaction positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a level significance of 0,000; and supported by the results of hypothesis testing with a t-count value of 4,969 > t-table value of 1.95, with a significance of 0,000 or < 0.05, 3) Service quality and Customer Satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a significance level of 0,000. This means that the hypothesis H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted so that it can be concluded that service quality and customer satisfaction together have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line.

scholarly journals Development and double cross-validation of new spot urine sodium equation to predict 24-h urine sodium in the Malaysian population

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Othman ◽  
Rashidah Ambak ◽  
Mohd Azahadi Omar ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Noor Safiza Mohd Nor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Malaysian Population ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Double Cross

Abstract Background Monitoring sodium intake through 24-h urine collection sample is recommended, but the implementation of this method can be difficult. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an equation using spot urine concentration to predict 24-h sodium excretion in the Malaysian population. Methods This was a Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) sub-study, which was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. Out of 798 participants in the MyCoSS study who completed 24-h urine collection, 768 of them have collected one-time spot urine the following morning. They were randomly assigned into two groups to form separate spot urine equations. The final spot urine equation was derived from the entire data set after confirming the stability of the equation by double cross-validation in both study groups. Newly derived spot urine equation was developed using the coefficients from the multiple linear regression test. A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the mean bias and limits of agreement between estimated and measured 24-h urine sodium. The estimation of sodium intake using the new equation was compared with other established equations, namely Tanaka and INTERSALT. Results The new equation showed the least mean bias between measured and predicted sodium, − 0.35 (− 72.26, 71.56) mg/day compared to Tanaka, 629.83 (532.19, 727.47) mg/day and INTERSALT, and 360.82 (284.34, 437.29) mg/day. Predicted sodium measured from the new equation showed greater correlation with measured sodium (r = 0.50) compared to Tanaka (r =0.24) and INTERSALT (r = 0.44), P < 0.05. Conclusion Our newly developed equation from spot urine can predict least mean bias of sodium intake among the Malaysian population when 24-h urine sodium collection is not feasible.

Abstract P262: Spot Urine Sodium to Potassium Ratio Predicts Increasing Blood Pressure Levels in a General Population: The Nagahama Study

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuharu Tabara ◽  
Yoshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Takeo Nakayama ◽  
Fumihiko Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Available N ◽  
Spot Urine

Excessive salt intake is a risk factor for hypertension. The most reliable method for estimating daily salt intake is measurement of 24-h urinary sodium excretion, while it is inconvenient. Sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K) of a urine sample is another index of salt loading. We previously reported that a simple measure of spot urine Na/K might be a representative of salt loading in a cross-sectional setting. Here, we conducted a longitudinal study aiming to clarify a prognostic significance of spot urine Na/K for increasing blood pressure (BP) levels. Study subjects consists of 9,769 general individuals. Among them, individuals whose baseline Na/K was available (n=9,328), who were normotensive at baseline (n=6,392), and who participated in the follow-up measurement (n=5,209) were included in this analysis (51.8±12.9 years old, male: 29.2%). Mean follow-up duration was 5.0±0.5 years. Mean Na/K at baseline was 3.1±1.7, and showed step-wise increase with BP levels (optimal: 3.0±1.6, normal: 3.3±1.8, high normal: 3.4±1.8, P<0.001). Other major factors that were significantly associated with Na/K was fasting time (r=-0.220, P<0.001), and CKD (CKD (n=694): 2.7±1.6, control: 3.2±1.7, P<0.001). Mean SBP was significantly increased during follow-up period (baseline: 116±12, follow-up: 119±15 mmHg), and 805 individuals (15.5%) were newly diagnosed as hypertension (HT). These individuals were significantly older (HT: 60.3±9.9, NT: 50.3±12.8 years), were frequently male (36.4%, 27.9%), and had higher SBP (127±9, 115±11 mmHg) at baseline (P<0.001). In contrast, baseline spot urine Na/K was slightly lower in individuals who developed HT (3.0±1.6, 3.1±1.8, P=0.013), while that measured at follow-up investigation was oppositely higher in hypertensives (3.1±1.8, 2.8±1.5, P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for the covariates identified baseline Na/K (β=0.108, P<0.001) and changes in Na/K during follow-up period (β=0.222, P<0.001) as independent determinants for future SBP levels. Higher spot urine Na/K, as well as increases in the Na/K levels, was significant determinant for future BP levels. The apparently lower baseline Na/K levels in individuals who developed HT might be due to reverse causality.

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