scholarly journals Education of Left-Behind Children and Return Decisions of Migrant Workers in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Jia Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
School Age ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
To Receive

This paper uses a dynamic survey data of China labor force to explore the impacts of child education on their parents’ return decisions by means of constructing an empirical model. The migration situation of children is the basis for us to distinguish the sample migrant workers. And those migrants who migrate with their children and those who leave their children behind in their hometowns are the two types of migrants among this model which we will analyze in urban areas. The results show that the probability for migrant workers in urban areas to return to hometowns will significantly increase when their children are left behind at home. While these parents tend to stay in the cities which they work and live in when their left-behind children enter the school age. The data we use is from the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey and we establish a model to analyze the effects of left-behind children. The empirical results show that the probability for migrants to return to their hometowns will decrease by 20.8 % when their left-behind children enter the school age. To a large extent, the emergence of such a huge contrast may be the result of the optimal decision-making of migrant workers. And the phenomenon of large-scale “migrant worker shortage” caused by such mechanism has intensified in the labor market of coastal cities. And most of these cities have implemented relevant stringent admission policies for migrant children to receive education in urban public schools and this break the intentions of the immigrant parents who plan to take the left-behind children to the cities to receive education in local schools. And these immigrants choose to return in the case of decline of the family net income.

scholarly journals Relaxation in the Chinese Hukou System: Effects on Psychosocial Wellbeing of Children Affected by Migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Lu ◽  
Minmin Jiang ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Therese Hesketh
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Left Behind

The hukou household registration system in China is being relaxed in small and medium-sized cities, which makes it easier for migrant worker parents to take their children with them to cities for work. The aim of this study was determine the potential impact on psychological well-being of this change for children by migration and hukou status. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using the Chinese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in urban and migrant schools in the capital, Hangzhou, and in schools in two rural counties of Zhejiang Province. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 2965 children, aged 10 to 15: 867 urban children with urban hukou, 625 migrant children with rural hukou, 695 rural children with rural hukou living with parents, and 778 left behind children. The crude SDQ scores showed that children directly affected by migration (migrant children and left behind children) were most at risk of psychological problems; urban and rural children living with their parents in their accustomed environment were least vulnerable. After adjustment for confounders, migrant children were the most vulnerable to psychological problems. Given that migration with children is on the increase, efforts should be made to improve conditions in urban areas for these children, and especially to ensure access to urban public schools.

scholarly journals POLA ASUH DAN PERSEPSI SEKOLAH ANAK BURUH MIGRAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-56
Author(s):  
Nur Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Coffee Shop ◽  
Pattern Of Care ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Children Left Behind

Abstract: The purpose of the study, first; to organize the parenting pattern of children left behind by migrants by their parents in the village of Tanggesurus Besuki District, Tulungagung regency. Second, analyze the perception of children about school in Tanggoko Desa Besuki District Tulungagung regency. The research method used qualitative type with case study approach. Place of research in Tanggesurus Village Besuki District Tulungagung Regency. The object is the pattern of care of migrant child laborers and their perceptions of the school. The subjects are children whose parents are migrant workers (migrant mothers, migrant fathers, and migrant mothers). The data were collected through in-depth interview technique, documentation and observation. To measure the validity of the data is used inspection techniques; credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Data analysis is done in stages and interrelated between data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The findings found; First, the pattern of care of the children of migrant workers is divided into three patterns, namely; mothering, parenting, and parenting by grandparents and / or other extended families. Second, the perception of children left behind by their parents is quite diverse. For them the school is important if the father is a migrant, and vice versa if his mother is a school migrant for him is not important. There is a difference in perception between boys and boys, for boys the school does not guarantee the future, whereas for school girls it is perceived as important and ensures the future. Such a view fits with the use of his spare time, most of his spare time (other than school) they spend with his peers and play around in the coffee shop. The condition of the house, the social environment of the community, and peers affect the orientation of being a migrant worker as well. According to them the factors that shape perceptions, attitudes and behavior are peers and the social environment of local communities.   Abstract: The purpose of the study, first; to organize the parenting pattern of children left behind by migrants by their parents in the village of Tanggesurus Besuki District, Tulungagung regency. Second, analyze the perception of children about school in Tanggoko Desa Besuki District Tulungagung regency. The research method used qualitative type with case study approach. Place of research in Tanggesurus Village Besuki District Tulungagung Regency. The object is the pattern of care of migrant child laborers and their perceptions of the school. The subjects are children whose parents are migrant workers (migrant mothers, migrant fathers, and migrant mothers). The data were collected through in-depth interview technique, documentation and observation. To measure the validity of the data is used inspection techniques; credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Data analysis is done in stages and interrelated between data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The findings found; First, the pattern of care of the children of migrant workers is divided into three patterns, namely; mothering, parenting, and parenting by grandparents and / or other extended families. Second, the perception of children left behind by their parents is quite diverse. For them the school is important if the father is a migrant, and vice versa if his mother is a school migrant for him is not important. There is a difference in perception between boys and boys, for boys the school does not guarantee the future, whereas for school girls it is perceived as important and ensures the future. Such a view fits with the use of his spare time, most of his spare time (other than school) they spend with his peers and play around in the coffee shop. The condition of the house, the social environment of the community, and peers affect the orientation of being a migrant worker as well. According to them the factors that shape perceptions, attitudes and behavior are peers and the social environment of local communities.

The Changing Characteristics of Migrant Workers in Kuwait

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasra M. Shah ◽  
Sulayman S. Al-Qudsi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Industrial Distribution ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Temporary Migrant ◽  
Development Plans

Kuwait is one of the gulf countries that has imported large numbers of temporary migrant workers over the last decade or so. The import of such workers was necessitated by the ambitious development plans that were made possible by the oil bonanza after 1973. Even prior to this influx, however, more than 70 percent of the labor force in Kuwait consisted of foreign workers. As the country has gone through economic and other changes, its goals concerning the magnitude and structure of the migrant worker population have undergone substantial revisions. These changes are reflected in such indicators as number of migrant workers; occupational and industrial distribution of the labor force; demographic, ethnic, and educational characteristics of this labor force; and related wage levels. An examination of the above changes is the objective of the present study.

scholarly journals Little Wish Little Wish (小小的渴望(艺术节版)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Spring Festival

<p>Since 1978, many rural Chinese have migrated to cities for new opportunities. According to national statistics, in 2009 there were about 200 million migrant workers in China, as well as about 100 million children who have been affected by migration, including migrant children and left-behind rural children. The Beijing Migrant Workers Home (Home) is a labour NGO established to make the issue of children affected by migration visible in Chinese society, while empowering migrant children through communication.</p><p><em>Little Wish </em>was produced by Sun Heng, a leader of Home in 2009. In that year Home launched the Cultural and Art Festival for Migrant Workers in January and September, and a Festival for migrant children in June. This video is meant to carry the spirit of this festival to migrant children online.</p><p>All pictures and videos from the film come from migrant children who live in Pi village. Pi village, far from Beijing’s City Centre, has 10,000 migrant workers living in 1,600 households. In 2005 Home established an elementary school there and now over 800 migrant children aged 6-12 go there. In 2008, Home launched a photography project for migrant children. They gathered old cameras and trained and encouraged children to express themselves by photographing their lives, families, schools, and dreams. Many children in Pi Village participated in this project, and afterwards Home displayed the photos at an art gallery, while Sun Heng edited the pictures to produce this video.</p><p>The song was written by Duan Yu, a music teacher at Home’s school in Pi Village. It reflects her strong feelings for her students. She preformed the song, alongside migrant children at the 2016 Spring Festival Gala for and by Migrant Workers (打工春晚).</p>

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on health seeking behavior of migrant workers: Bangalore city

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Shwetha . ◽  
K. N. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Health Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Seeking Behavior ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Background: Global migrant population is 214 million people, which accounts for approximately 3% of world population.As per 2001 census 307.2 million people, which is 30% population in India were migrants as reported by place of birth, of which 42.1 million were interstate migrants in India. Migrant populations as being a non-native population, are vulnerable and are exposed to many health problems. Most of the health problems of migrants are ascribed to their migration to urban areas, decreased awareness about local health facility, inability to cope with psychological stress, unhealthy sexual practices, and frequent travelling. The objective of the study was to assess the health seeking behavior of the migrant worker in Bengaluru.Methods: This is a cross sectional, exploratory and community based study. The study was conducted in the field practice area of department of Community Medicine of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru. Total study subjects were 295 were selected by convenient sampling method. The study was conducted between May 2017 to June 2017. Data regarding health seeking behaviour was collected using semi structured questionnaire.Results: Migrants were from different states of our country. 25.7% were from other districts of Karnataka, 58.3% of them belonged to high risk occupation and 41.7% to low risk. Around 85% of the migrants discussed their health problem, 59% of them preferred home remedy as a first priority for their illness & 41% preferred private hospitals for major illness. Around 52.9% of study subjects waited for more than 3days before seeking health care.Conclusions: The health seeking behaviour was poor and delay in seeking healthcare during their illness.

scholarly journals The Impact of Childhood Left-Behind Experience on the Mental Health of Late Adolescents: Evidence from Chinese College Freshmen

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2778
Author(s):  
Huajun Wu ◽  
Zhiyong Cai ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Yi Yu ◽  
Ning Neil Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Child ◽  
The Impact

A paucity of public service afforded to migrant workers often begets a wide range of social problems. In China, hundreds of millions of migrant worker parents have to leave children behind in their hometowns. This paper investigated the long-term effects of the childhood experience of being left behind on the mental well-being of late adolescents. Mandatory university personality inventory (UPI) surveys (involving psychosomatic problems such as anxiety, depression, and stress) were conducted at a university in Jiangsu, China, during 2014–2017. The study sample consisted of 15,804 first-year college students aged between 15 and 28 years. The PSM method and the OLS regression model were employed. Controlling for the confounding factors (gender, age, single-child status, hometown location, ethnicity, and economic status), our empirical investigation demonstrated that childhood left-behind experience significantly worsened the mental health of the study sample, increasing the measure of mental ill-being by 0.661 standard deviations (p < 0.01). Moreover, the effects were consistently significant in subsamples divided by gender, single-child status, and hometown location; and the effects were greater for females, single-child students, and urban residents.

scholarly journals Education that Leads to Nowhere: Thailand’s Education Policy for Children of Migrants

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thithimadee Arphattananon
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
School Practices ◽  
Children Of Migrant Workers ◽  
Thai Government

In July 2005, the Thai cabinet passed the resolution that allows migrant children access to free public education. This paper uncovers education experiences of children of migrant workers who study in Thai public schools, concentrating on the Thai government&rsquo;s education policy towards these children. Data are drawn from an ethnographic study conducted between 2010 and 2011 in two provinces of Thailand&mdash;Ranong Province and Pattani Province. Qualitative research methods such as interview, observation and document examination are used to obtain data. School practices such as the admission process, the placement of children into classes, classroom instruction, and supporting systems are examined. Interactions between teachers and migrant children as well as between migrant children and local children are observed. The results show that while allowing migrant children to access public education, the Thai government does not have a policy to promote or to persuade migrant parents to bring their children to schools. A policy to follow up on children of migrants who drop out also does not exist. Additionally, school practices and curricula do not match the circumstances of the children. This article argues that Thailand&rsquo;s current education policy allows children of migrants to access public education, but does not help them to proceed to higher levels of education.<br />

Not for Adults Only: Toward a Child Lens in Migration Policies in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Maruja M. B. Asis ◽  
Alan Feranil
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Global Compact ◽  
Left Behind

Executive Summary Having experienced substantial international migration since the 1970s, countries in East, South, and Southeast Asia have developed laws, institutions, policies, and programs to govern various aspects of international migration. Children, however, who comprise a significant share of the world’s international migrants, have not received as much policy attention as adults. Children are part of the region’s international migration experience (e.g., children left behind in the countries of origin when their parents migrate for work, children as migrants, and children as members of multicultural families). This article provides an overview of the challenges faced by children as migration actors, and the policy responses and programs that select countries in the region have developed to address children’s experiences and concerns. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees, which many Asian countries have endorsed, set forth objectives, commitments, and actions, informed by the principle of promoting the best interests of the child and child protection, which specifically address the needs of children. These include actions to promote universal birth registration, enhance access to education and health and social services regardless of migrant and legal status, and otherwise create inclusive and socially cohesive societies. Most countries in Asia have yet to meet these standards. Endorsing the two compacts was a first step. The good practices that have been implemented in a number of countries provide a template for how to translate these objectives into action and how to ensure that the full protection and best interests of migrant children, the left-behind children of migrant workers, and those who are part of multicultural families remain a priority.

A floating dream: urban upgrading, population control and migrant children’s education in Beijing

2020 ◽  
pp. 095624782097685
Author(s):  
Xinyi Zhang ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
Yulin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Farmers Market ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Urban Dynamic ◽  
Urban Upgrading ◽  
Depth Interviews

In recent years, Beijing has implemented urban renewal policies aimed at forcing out rural migrants to restrict the city’s population. One such policy restricts their access to public schools. We use the demolition of the Beijing Sun Palace Farmers’ Market to examine the long-term impacts of these policies on the educational status of migrant children in Beijing. Based on a survey and in-depth interviews with migrant vendors, we find that government-initiated urban remodelling campaigns have an enduring impact on their social mobility and the educational opportunities of their children. Despite severe limitations to their mobility and economic opportunities, many migrant vendors were still determined to stay in Beijing. Subsequently, their worsened living status significantly affected their children’s prospects. Migrant children caught in this urban dynamic either struggle in substandard informal migrant schools in Beijing or are left behind in their hometowns, with little hope of a good education or improved social status.

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