scholarly journals The Impact of Israel’s “Models’ Law” on Young Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Michal Cohen ◽  
Yael Latzer
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Media ◽  
Photo Editing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Comorbidity

Background: The development of eating disorders (EDs) and disordered eating pathology (DEP) is related to a complex interplay of various factors, with the media being a main risk factor. The high comorbidity related to EDs and DEP highlights the importance of preventive interventions and requires additional prevention strategies that create opportunities for policy changes, while targeting media influences. In 2012, Israel initiated the “models’ law”, setting limits on both the employment of underweight models and the use of photo editing. This study examined the impact of the models’ law on body dissatisfaction, DEP, and EDs among young women in Israel. Methods: The study included two parts: self-report questionnaires and a telephone interview. The sample of 203 women was divided into two age groups, 81 women aged 18-24 and 122 women aged 25-35-that completed both parts of the study. Results: The models’ law had significantly higher impact on younger as opposed to older participants. Yet younger participants were found to have higher levels of DEP than the older participants. Additionally, participants who were highly supportive of the law had lower levels of DEP. Conclusion: The results indicate that younger participants had higher levels of DEP and were more influenced by the thin ideal and the media. Thus, these results highlight the importance of implementing prevention programs at younger ages and expanding the spectrum of prevention programs to the field of policy change, using legislation.

The Health of Refugees

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Refugee Health ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Media ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
The Impact

There have been significant changes in the numbers, patterns, and circumstances of refugees and in the political landscape to support humanitarianism since the publication of the first edition of this collection. Like the first edition, this volume provides a multidisciplinary perspective on refugee health, tracing the health repercussions on individuals and populations from the drivers of forced mass movements of populations from situations of conflict and other disasters through to the process of resettlement in countries other than their countries of origin. Drawing on the expertise of academics, practitioners, and UN frontline experts, the collection covers three main aspects of refugee health: the concepts, definitions, and context from a human rights, humanitarianism, and social determinants of health perspective; the intersection of vulnerabilities across age groups and settings; and the ethical challenges for practitioners and researchers working with forcibly displaced populations seeking to resettle. The collection concludes with an analysis of the role of the media in shaping our perceptions of refugees and the impact on policy and access to care.

The Parent–Child Relationship and Sport Parents’ Experiences of Burnout and Engagement

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-233
Author(s):  
J.D. DeFreese ◽  
Travis E. Dorsch ◽  
Travis A. Flitton
Keyword(s):  
Youth Sport ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Psychosocial Experiences ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parents Experiences ◽  
Parent Child

Burnout and engagement are important psychological outcomes in sport with potential to impact athletes as well as sport parents. The present study examined associations among markers of the sport-based parent child-relationship (warmth and conflict) and parent burnout and engagement in organized youth sport. Youth sport parents (N = 214) aged 26–66 years (M = 43.2,SD = 6.2) completed valid and reliable self-report assessments of study variables. Study results showcased warmth, but not conflict, in the parent–child relationship as a significant negative contributor to global burnout and a significant positive contributor to global engagement in sport parents. Results offer preliminary insight into the impact of parent–child warmth in sport on parents’ experiences of burnout and engagement. Findings have implications for future research and practice designed to promote positive psychosocial experiences for sport families.

Reluctance Versus Urge to Disclose Child Maltreatment: The Impact of Multi-Type Maltreatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (18) ◽  
pp. 3888-3914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Lev-Wiesel ◽  
Maya First ◽  
Ruth Gottfried ◽  
Zvi Eisikovits
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Child maltreatment is a major public health issue in Israel. According to a recent Israeli national epidemiological survey, approximately half of Jewish and Arab girls and boys between the ages 12 and 17 experienced at least one type of child maltreatment, at any severity level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of multi-type maltreatment on Israeli children and youth survivors’ reluctance versus urge to disclose; with the effects of gender, age, and ethnicity taken into account. The study is important since non-disclosure has deleterious effects in terms of continuation of the abuse, delays in criminal prosecution and commencement of treatment. A self-report questionnaire incorporating the following instruments was administered: the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 6,253 Jewish and Arab children and youth who reported experiencing at least one lifetime child maltreatment event. Study results indicated that children and youth’s reluctance to disclose is positively associated with their emotional reactions to disclosure, as well as with higher instances of child maltreatment exposure; whereas urge to talk is negatively correlated with their emotional reactions to disclosure.

scholarly journals Children Coping, Contextual Risk and their Interplay during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Spanish Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Domínguez-Álvarez ◽  
Laura López-Romero ◽  
Aimé Isdahl-Troye ◽  
José Antonio Gómez-Fraguela ◽  
Estrella Romero
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Child Coping ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the lives of millions of people around the globe and some of the unprecedent emerged disruptions, are likely to have been particularly challenging for young children (e.g., school closures, social distancing measures, movement restrictions). Studying the impact of such extraordinary circumstances on their well-being is crucial to identify processes leading to risk and resilience. To better understand how Spanish children have adapted (or fail to) to the stressful disruptions resulting from the pandemic outbreak, we examined the effects of child coping and its interactions with contextual stressors (pandemic and family-related) on child adjustment, incorporating in our analysis a developmental perspective. Data was collected in April 2020, through parent-reports, during the acute phase of the pandemic and, temporarily coinciding with the mandatory national quarantine period imposed by the Spanish Government. A sample of 1,123 Spanish children (50% girls) aged three to 12 (Mage = 7.26; SD = 2.39) participated in the study. Results showed differences in the use of specific strategies by children in different age groups (i.e., 3-6, 7-9 and 10-12-year-olds). Despite the uncontrollable nature of the pandemic-related stressors, child disengagement coping was distinctively associated to negative outcomes (i.e., higher levels of behavioral and emotional difficulties), whereas engagement coping predicted psychosocial adjustment across all age groups. Moreover, interactively with child coping, parent fear of the future and parent dispositional resilience appear as relevant contextual factors to predict both negative and positive outcomes, but their effects seem to be age dependent, suggesting a higher contextual vulnerability for younger children. These findings might have implications for identifying individual and contextual risk and informing potential preventive interventions aimed to reduce the impact of future pandemic outbreaks on children of different ages.

scholarly journals Survival Analysis of Hospitalized Elderly People with Fractures in Brazil Over One Year

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Brenda Kelly Gonçalves Nunes ◽  
Brunna Rodrigues de Lima ◽  
Lara Cristina da Cunha Guimarães ◽  
Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽  
Claci Fátima Weirich Rosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly ◽  
Study Results ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This study analyzes the causes of death, survival, and other related factors in hospitalized elderly people with fractures over the course of one year. Methods: We followed 376 fracture patients for one year in a prospective cohort study to a reference hospital in central Brazil. The Cox regression model was used to analyze factors associated with survival. Results: The results indicate that the one-year mortality rate was high (22.9%). The independent factors linked to lower overall survival were as follows: patients aged ≥80 years with previous intensive care unit (ICU) admission and presence of comorbidities (diabetes mellitus [DM] and dementia). Conclusion: Our study results may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of fractures on the elderly population and reinforce the need to oversee age-groups, diabetic patients, and patients with complications during hospitalization.

scholarly journals Design and Methods of a Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial of Unfiltered Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior and Toxicant Exposure: Study Protocol for a Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Oren ◽  
Kim Pulvers ◽  
Devan R. Romero ◽  
Casey Barber ◽  
Erika Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Single Use ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Plastic filters on cigarette butts are a widespread source of non-biodegradable, toxic environmental waste. State and local legislation to ban the sale of single-use cigarettes may be considered to prevent this waste, but scientific evidence on the impact of switching smokers to unfiltered cigarettes on smoking behavior and toxicant exposures is needed to inform this policy. We have designed an open-label, randomized, 9-week, cross-over clinical trial of adult filtered cigarette smokers who switch to unfiltered cigarettes.Methods: The trial involves a 1-week baseline period, 2 weeks of smoking filtered or unfiltered cigarettes (groups randomly assignd), a 3-week washout period, another 1-week baseline period, and a crossover to 2-weeks of smoking the opposite condition (filtered or unfiltered cigarettes). We will determine changes in: 1) observed topography (i.e., puff count, puff volume) and cigarettes smoked per day (via butt counts and self-report); 2) expired carbon monoxide (CO), urinary cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and volatile organic compound (VOC) excretion; and 3) knowledge and attitudes toward unfiltered cigarettes, satisfaction with smoking, and intention to quit if they were not able to smoke filtered cigarettes.Discussion: This comprehensive proof-of-principle study will provide preliminary evidence to develop a research project with a larger sample size. Study results will inform proposed state or local legislation to ban the sale of single-use filtered cigarettes in order to eliminate the environmental impact of cigarette butt waste stemming from the single-use plastic filter. Trial Registration: NCT03749876

scholarly journals Is Measurement Noninvariance a Threat to Inferences Drawn from Randomized Control Trials? Evidence From Empirical and Simulation Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 014662162110131
Author(s):  
James Soland
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Randomized Control Trials ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Federally Funded ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The Impact

Randomized control trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard when evaluating the impact of psychological interventions, educational programs, and other treatments on outcomes of interest. However, few studies consider whether forms of measurement bias like noninvariance might impact estimated treatment effects from RCTs. Such bias may be more likely to occur when survey scales are utilized in studies and evaluations in ways not supported by validation evidence, which occurs in practice. This study consists of simulation and empirical studies examining whether measurement noninvariance impacts treatment effects from RCTs. Simulation study results demonstrate that bias in treatment effect estimates is mild when the noninvariance occurs between subgroups (e.g., male and female participants), but can be quite substantial when being assigned to control or treatment induces the noninvariance. Results from the empirical study show that surveys used in two federally funded evaluations of educational programs were noninvariant across student age groups.

scholarly journals Violent images in the media and its impact on children

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Georges Kutukdjian
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Violent Images ◽  
School Curricula

The article studies the impact of media-shown violence on children and youth. It examines the relation between exposure to massive absorption of violent images and aggressive behavior. It also concludes it would be hard to fins unequivocal relationship between violent behavior and exposure to violence in the media for various different reasons. Consideration must be given to characteristics of young viewers and the specific vulnerabilities attached to age groups, discussing in detail the problem of pornography. The article, nevertheless, supports the banning of racist, xenophobic, sexist and paedophiliac programs in broadcasting and the Internet as well as the inclusion of media education in school curricula to favor the development of critical attitude towards the material children and youth are being exposed to.

scholarly journals The impact of value orientations on body image and the use of physical beauty practices by young women in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia

Sociologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucija Cevnik
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physical Beauty

This work deals with the assessment of the impact of value orientations on body image and the use of physical beauty practices by young women in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The transitional course of events as well as the historical, cultural and religious differences of each country have also left their mark on the role and position of women in each of the countries. This research deals with how much modernization did, in terms of modernization theory (Inglehart and Welzel, 2007), through a system of dominant value orientations the use of the media and cultural features of the countries analysed, influenced the differences in the perception and understanding of the female body, which is reflected in the body image of women and the use of physical beauty practices. We analyse the impact of the factors (values, media influence, sociodemographic factors and body mass index (BMI)) on body image and the use of physical beauty practices by young women in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The results did not confirm a direct impact on body image values, however, the value orientations were shown to be a relevant factor of the media impact and the use of beauty practices. Body image was also statistically significantly influenced by BMI and some sociodemographic factors (education, wealth). A significant impact of sociodemographic factors (size of place of residence, education, wealth) on values and physical practices was also proven.

An Empirical Analysis of Demographic Characteristics, Acquired Knowledge, and Personal Beliefs as Indicators of Behavioral Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Radha Chin ◽  
Ashley Reshma Chin ◽  
Robert Brookshire ◽  
Amita Goyal Chin ◽  
Seonjun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Personal Beliefs ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Compliance ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is of vital importance to identify factors that promote behavioral compliance of consumers to the recommendations of government agencies. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed demographic characteristics, acquired knowledge, and personal beliefs, in combination with anxiety and stress, as indicators of compliance in the general population to recommended behavioral changes during COVID-19. METHODS Data from a survey that was administered on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and WhatsApp was analyzed. Participation was voluntary and no compensation of any kind was provided. T tests and analysis of variance were used to compare average scores of the different demographic groups, with degrees of freedom adjusted if the equal variance assumption appeared to be violated. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios for adoption of the various preventive behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 27, IBM Corp). Structural equation modelling was performed using SmartPLS. The impact of personal characteristics – age, gender, education, race, and political affiliation, combined with acquired knowledge about COVID-19, personal beliefs during the crisis, and the resulting anxiety and stress were evaluated for their effect on the adoption of recommended behavioral changes during COVID-19. RESULTS 5,677 social media users participated in the online survey, however, only 4,998 completed the entire survey and were used in our analyses. Only respondents who were 18 years of age or older and U.S. residents were included in the final data set. Females had a higher average knowledge about COVID-19 (t=3.09, df=4960, p<0.01), but the genders were similar in their knowledge of protective factors (t=0.26, df=4960, p=0.79). Republicans had a lower average COVID-19 knowledge score (t=-3.93, df=4996, p<0.001) and a lower average knowledge of protective factors (t=-2.82, df=4996, p<0.01). Those with higher levels of education had higher mean COVID-19 knowledge scores (F=79.10, df=4,4993, p<0.001). Among the different age groups, younger respondents had higher levels of COVID-19 knowledge (F=11.46, df=2,4995, p<0.001), but the age groups were similar in their knowledge of protective factors (F=0.28, df=2,4995, p=0.645). About two-thirds of the sample (67%) disagreed or strongly disagreed that COVID-19 was an act of bioterrorism. About 82% agreed or strongly agreed that COVID-19 is more deadly than the seasonal flu. About 84% agreed or strongly agreed that the amount of media attention paid to COVID-19 was adequate, and most (80%) disagreed or strongly disagreed that COVID-19 is not as big a problem as the media suggests. Republicans on average had higher agreement that the virus was released as an act of bioterrorism (t=16.00, df=2030.3, p<0.001), that the virus is not as big a problem as the media suggests (t=20.61, df=1908.3, p<0.001), and that warm weather will reduce the spread of the virus (t=16.52, df=2286, p<0.001). Among the preventive behaviors that respondents reported adopting, the most frequent were keeping away from crowded places (N=4863, 96.5%), using hand sanitizer or washing hands more often (N=4826, 95.8%), starting to clean or disinfect things they might touch (N=4482, 89.0%) and avoiding public transportation (N=4393, 87.2%). CONCLUSIONS Individual beliefs in the severity of the pandemic, the level of stress/anxiety, and protective knowledge for COVID-19 were significant indicators in the adoption of protective behaviors while the level of COVID-19 knowledge was weakly and negatively associated with these indicators. Demographic factors including age, gender, political affiliation, education level, and race were also significant indicators of behavioral compliance. Study findings can provide valuable insights that can be used to further increase behavioral compliance among the population during COVID-19.

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