scholarly journals Comparison of Crash Severity Risk Factors at Signalized and Stop-Controlled Intersections in Urban and Rural Areas in Alabama

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Sumalatha Kesavareddy ◽  
Kirolos Haleem ◽  
Mehrnaz Doustmohammadi ◽  
Michael Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Side Impacts ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Significant Factors

Understanding the factors that affect crash severity at intersections is essential to develop strategies to alleviate safety deficiencies. This paper identifies and compares the significant factors affecting crash severity at signalized and stop-controlled intersections in urban and rural areas in Alabama using recent five-year crashes. A random forest model was used to rank variable significance and a binary logit model was applied to identify the significant factors at both intersection types in urban and rural areas. Four separate models (urban signalized, urban stop-controlled, rural signalized, and rural stop-controlled) were developed. New variables that were not previously explored were used in this study, such as the roadway type (one-way vs. two-way) and traffic control functioning (yes or no). It was found that one-way roadways were associated with a reduction in crash severity at urban signalized intersections. In all four models, rear-end crashes showed lesser severity than side impacts. Head-on crashes, higher speed limits, and curved sections showed higher severity in urban signalized and stop-controlled intersections. In rural stop-controlled intersections, right-turning maneuvers had a severity reduction. Female drivers showed 15% and 45% higher severity likelihood (compared to males) at urban and rural signalized intersections, respectively. Strategies to alleviate crash severity are proposed.

scholarly journals Factor Identification and Prediction for Teen Driver Crash Severity Using Machine Learning: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciyun Lin ◽  
Dayong Wu ◽  
Hongchao Liu ◽  
Xueting Xia ◽  
Nischal Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Teen Drivers

Crashes among young and inexperienced drives are a major safety problem in the United States, especially in an area with large rural road networks, such as West Texas. Rural roads present many unique safety concerns that are not fully explored. This study presents a complete machine leaning pipeline to find the patterns of crashes involved with teen drivers no older than 20 on rural roads in West Texas, identify factors that affect injury levels, and build four machine learning predictive models on crash severity. The analysis indicates that the major causes of teen driver crashes in West Texas are teen drivers who failed to control speed or travel at an unsafe speed when they merged from rural roads to highways or approached intersections. They also failed to yield on the undivided roads with four or more lanes, leading to serious injuries. Road class, speed limit, and the first harmful event are the top three factors affecting crash severity. The predictive machine learning model, based on Label Encoder and XGBoost, seems the best option when considering both accuracy and computational cost. The results of this work should be useful to improve rural teen driver traffic safety in West Texas and other rural areas with similar issues.

scholarly journals Literacy Challenges in Rural China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingting Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This article discusses the obstacles encountered in the process of literacy in rural China. Although China's overall literacy rate is high, there is a huge literacy rate gap between urban and rural areas. On this basis, this article explores the factors affecting the literacy rate in rural China, and concludes that the main factors are financial status, gender differences, health challenges, and policy interventions.

scholarly journals A Study on the Factors Affecting China’s Direct Household Carbon Emission and Comparison of Regional Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Fan ◽  
Aobo Ran ◽  
Xiaomeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China has been attracting attention. In the global carbon emission structure, the proportion of household carbon emissions continues to increase, and it is necessary to focus on the issue of household emissions. Based on the perspective of the family sector and the comparison of urban–rural and interprovincial differences, this study makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the factors affecting direct household carbon emissions. The average carbon emission of urban households is higher than that of rural households. Both personal background and household energy consumption facility use have important impacts on household carbon emissions, and the degree of impact varies between urban and rural areas and between provinces. Reducing household carbon emissions and achieving a harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the common goals of the government and society. The government should explore the model of green sustainable development on the basis of ensuring the energy needs of residents. Residents should also further establish a low-carbon life concept and focus on the cultivation of low-carbon lifestyles.

scholarly journals Population and prevalence of hypertension in different regions of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 02009
Author(s):  
Wang Jie ◽  
Yang Kun ◽  
Dong Wen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the Chinese population. The study analyzes the differences of hypertension in different regions in China from space, analyzes the influencing factors of the disease, and the spatial distribution of different populations. The data comes from CHARLS Harmonize. 22,310 interviewees were selected to respond effectively. Single-factor chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the factors affecting hypertension. BMI, urban and rural areas, jogging 1KM, smoking, drink, gender, education status, public medical insurance and hypertension chi-square test are significant, BMI (OR=1.193 95%CI 1.182~1.203), age (OR =1.049, 95%CI 1.045~1.053). There is a spatial difference in the prevalence of hypertension in China, which provides a spatial reference for the control and prevention of different regions, so as to better prevent and treat patients with hypertension. Keywords: hypertension, spatial difference, CHARLS data

scholarly journals Prevalence of childhood hearing impairment of different severities in urban and rural areas: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yu Lin ◽  
Yen-Cheng Tseng ◽  
How-Ran Guo ◽  
Der-Chung Lai
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hearing Level ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveChildhood hearing impairment (CHI) is a major developmental disability, but data at the national level are limited, especially those on different severities. We conducted a study to fill this data gap.DesignA nationwide study on the basis of a reporting system.SettingTo provide services to disabled citizens, the Taiwanese government maintains a registry of certified cases. Using data from this registry, we estimated prevalence rates of CHI of different severities from 2004 to 2010 and made comparisons between urban and rural areas.ParticipantsTaiwanese citizens ≤17 years old.Primary outcome measuresTo qualify for CHI disability benefits, a child must have an unaided pure-tone better ear hearing level at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz with an average ≥55 decibels (dB), confirmed by an otolaryngologist. The severity was classified by pure-tone better ear hearing level as mild (55–69 dB), moderate (70–89 dB) and severe (≥90 dB).ResultsThe registered cases under 17 years old decreased annually from 4075 in 2004 to 3533 in 2010, but changes in the prevalence rate were small, ranging from 7.62/10 000 in 2004 to 7.91/10 000 in 2006. The prevalence rates of mild CHI increased in all areas over time, but not those of moderate or severe CHI. Rural areas had higher overall prevalence rates than urban areas in all years, with rate ratios (RRs) between 1.01 and 1.09. By severity, rural areas had higher prevalence rates of mild (RRs between 1.08 and 1.25) and moderate (RRs between 1.06 and 1.21) CHI but had lower prevalence rates of severe CHI (RRs between 0.92 and 0.99).ConclusionWhile rural areas had higher overall prevalence rates of CHI than urban areas, the RRs decreased with CHI severity. Further studies that identify factors affecting the rural–urban difference might help the prevention of CHI.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Severity of Cycling Crashes Using Binary Regression Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6945
Author(s):  
Ahmed Jaber ◽  
János Juhász ◽  
Bálint Csonka
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Binary Regression ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Relationship

The increasing use of bicycles rises the interest in investigating the safety aspects of daily commuting. In this investigation, more than 14,000 cyclists’ injuries were analyzed to determine the relationship between severity, road infrastructure characteristics, and surface conditions using binary regression. Minor and major severity categories were distinguished. A binary equation consists of 28 factors is extracted. It has been found that each factor related to roadway characteristics has its negative and positive impacts on cyclist severity such as traffic control, location type, topography, and roadway divisions. Regarding the road surface components, good, paved, and marked roads are associated with a higher probability of major injuries due to the expected greater frequencies of cyclists on roads with good conditions. In conclusion, probabilities of major injuries are higher in urban areas, higher speed limits, signalized intersections, inclined topographies, one-way roads, and during the daytime which require more attention and better considerations.

scholarly journals Social-Cultural Factors Affecting Child Marriage in Sumenep

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainur Mila Rofika ◽  
Iswari Hariastuti
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mystical Experience ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

Background: Child marriage is still common in Indonesia both in urban and rural areas. One of possible causes is socio-cultural background. In Madura, the community still stick to culture and customs. Child marriage, one of among others, has become Madurese culture and legalized custom that was inherited to this day as seen in Pagarbatu Village, Sumenep. Objective: The study analyzed the effect of socio-cultural factors on the occurrence of child marriage to girls. Method: This study used a descriptive research design with a qualitative approach. It took place in Pagarbatu Village, Saronggi Sub-District, Sumenep District. The research subjects were women under the age of 18 who engaged in child marriages. Data were collected from April to May 2018. Results: The results showed that socio-cultural factors affect misconduct practices that leads to child marriage, especially among girls. Misconduct practices in child marriage are arranged marriages, age manipulations, witchcraft practices. Child marriage becomes a reason to ease family’s financial burden and also to keep tracing lineage to early ancestors. Religious beliefs are still strong in Madurese community. When females were tranced, they would be married for such mystical experience to get out of trance. Besides, there were other factors of child marriage, such as the lack of community leaders’ roles (village officials), the lack of health workers’ roles, age, education, knowledge, and family economy. Conclusion: There is a relationship between social and cultural factors with child marriage.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Pakistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood ◽  
Karin Ringheim
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Children Education

Using data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey of 1990-91, this study examines the effect of selected socio-cultural and supply factors on contraceptive use as reported by married women of reproductive ages. In addition to the expected positive relationship of woman’s age, number of living children, education, and place of residence with contraceptive use, it is theorised that there are five factors potentially affecting fertility regulation in the socio-structural context of Pakistan. These include the extend of communication between husbands and wives, religious beliefs, female autonomy, son preference, and the family planning service and supply variables. Using logistic regression analysis, the results of the study indicate that the explanatory power of these five factors is significant in affecting the use of contraception in both urban and rural areas. While knowledge of a source for family planning is the strongest predictor of contraceptive use, husband-wife communication and religious attitudes are also significant. The fact that the inclusion of the theoretical variables dampens the predictive effect of the primary and secondary education for women leads to the speculation that while the extremely low levels of literacy among women must be addressed through government commitment to universal education, scarce family planning programme resources can be focused more effectively on promoting spousal communication, about family size and contraceptive use, and on soliciting the support of religious leaders to counteract the misperceptions about Islamic teachings on family planning and reliance on fate. With high quality and accessible services, these measures could go a long way towards providing couples with the means to meet their reproductive goals.

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