Ways of increasing sunflower yield in the modern conditions of the agrarian-industrial complex of the country should be based on the complex performance of scientifically grounded technological operations.
The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of the system of basic tillage, the use of mineral fertilizers and growth promoters on the formation of productivity of sunflower hybrid Ratnik.
The studies were conducted in 2016-2018 at the fields of the Institute of Oil Crops of the UAAS.
The sowing was carried out at a depth of seed wrapping of 6-7 cm with a row spacing of 70 cm with a seeding rate of 50 thousand similar seeds per hectare. Basic tillage systems: classic – two-track disc, plowing (PN-3-35) to a depth of 22-25 cm; bottomless – two-track disc, endless tillage (KLD-3.0) to a depth of 25-27 cm; minimal – two-track discus, cultivation (KPS-4,0) to a depth of 10-12 cm.
Mineral fertilizer application options: 1. Control – no fertilizer, 2. N40, 3. N40P60, 4. N60P60K60. Application options: 1. Control – treatment with water (250 l/ha), 2. Rost- concentrate + Oil gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 3. Forte gelatin + Mono boron gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 4. Mono boron chelate + Phosphate-potassium chelate (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 5. 1 treatment: Phosphate-potassium chelate + Multimix gelatin + Mono boron chelate (3-4 pairs of true leaves), 2 treatment: Mono gelatin boron (6-8 pairs of true leaves).
The bookmarking of the experiments and the research were carried out in accordance with the common methods of field experiments in agriculture and crop production.
As a result of the three-year studies, it was found that the performance indicators of sunflower varied under the influence of all the agricultural practices studied. According to the average three-year indicators the highest number of seeds is 1327-1392 pcs. and seed weight of 71.9-75.7 g per basket are indicated in the N60P60K60 fertilizer application under the classical basic tillage system. Other systems and power backgrounds are experiencing a decline in these indicators. The introduction of mineral fertilizers and the use of growth promoters for all systems of basic tillage led to an increase in these indicators relative to control.
The diameter of the basket of sunflower hybrid Ratnik, depending on the use of fertilizers and growth promoters was 19.1-20.9 cm in the classical soil tillage system; 18,6-20,5 cm in diameter and 18,5-20,3 cm in minimum. The application of mineral fertilizers helped to increase the diameter of the basket relative to the control. An increase in the diameter of the basket under the influence of growth stimulants under all backgrounds of mineral nutrition and basic tillage systems was also noted. The largest diameter of the basket, which was equal depending on the variant of the use of growth stimulants 20.6-20.9 cm, plants of sunflower hybrid Ratnik formed under the classical system of basic tillage and fertilizer application in the dose N60P60K60.
According to the results of three-year studies, an increase of 1000 seeds under the influence of mineral fertilizers and growth promoters was established for all systems of basic tillage. The largest mass of 1000 seeds of sunflower plants was formed by the classical soil tillage system.
The highest yield of sunflower hybrid Ratnik – 3.46 and 3.45 t/ha obtained by cultivation under the classical system of basic tillage, fertilization at a dose of N60P60K60 for pre-sowing cultivation and the second and fifth variants of application of the preparations: 2. Growth concentrate + Oil gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves); 5. 1 treatment: Phosphate-potassium chelate + Multimix gelatin + Mono boron gelatin (3-4 pairs of true leaves), 2 treatment: Mono boron gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves). The highest yield increase from the application of mineral fertilizers was obtained when fertilizing at a dose of N60P60K60 for all systems of basic tillage and is within: for classical – 0.52-0.64 t/ha; for landless – 0.40-0.51 t/ha; at the minimum – 0.35-0.45 t/ha. It should be noted that the cultivation of sunflower crops with growth stimulants in all their applications has led to an increase in yield: in the classical system of basic tillage by 0.13-0.32; for non-drained – 0.08-0.25 and for the minimum – 0.09-0.25 t/ha. The most effective under all other conditions of cultivation was the use of a mixture of preparations Growth-concentrate + gelatin oil.
Among the agricultural practices studied for crop formation, the system of basic tillage (r = -0.66) and the use of mineral fertilizers (r = 0.61) and the weak use of preparations (r = 0.17) were more influenced. It should be noted the close relationship of yield with the number of seeds (r = 0.92) and the weight of seeds (r = 0.97) from one basket, the diameter of the basket (r = 0.88), the mass of 1000 seeds (r = 0.97), husk (r = -0.93) and average with fat content (r = -0.66).
Effect of Cultivation and Soil Tillage Systems on the Microbial Biomass in Castor Bean Crop at the Irecê Plateau, Bahia
