scholarly journals Economic and Productive Assessment of an Ordinary Small-Sized Dairy Enterprise in Southeast Brazil: A Multi-Year Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Severino D. J. Villela ◽  
Leandro P. Assis ◽  
Marcos A. Lopes ◽  
Luiz H. A. Silvestre ◽  
Roseli A. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Southeast Brazil ◽  
High Profit ◽  
General Production ◽  
Break Even Point

The objectives were to analyze the economic performance over time of a dairy enterprise located in southeast Brazil and to identify the key production parameters that contributed to economic performance, using a 10-year database. Two distinct approaches to evaluate production cost were analyzed. Briefly, the first approach involves variable and fixed costs (more traditional economic analysis), and the second involves total operating cost, consisting of effective operating costs and depreciation. From these two distinct approaches, we obtain as economic indicators the profitability I and profitability II, respectively. In addition, correlation between economic and productivity parameters was performed. Considering the first approach, revenue was not sufficient to cover the total cost and on average profitability I was negative. During three years, the break-even point was not achieved. Considering the second approach, gross profit margin was positive throughout the period, and consequently profitability II was positive. In general, production parameters were within the ordinary range observed in small-sized Brazilian dairy farms. From the correlations between economic and production parameters, we noted that correlation between average milk production per lactating cow and both measures of profit was present, indicating that if the average milk production per lactating cow was high, profit was positive. We conclude that this type of evaluation is important to assess the performance of a business, and consequently, for decision-making of dairy producers.

scholarly journals The use of controlling in agricultural enterprises and their competitiveness

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
A. Foltínová ◽  
J. Špička
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Cost Controlling ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
The Cost

The article aims at the evaluation and comparison of the structure of costs linked to the milk production in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The paper focuses on the potential of the cost controlling in agricultural production. The analysis is based on data from the comparable sample surveys of costs and yields of agricultural commodities carried out by the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Prague, and the Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Bratislava, in the period 2007–2012. The authors apply the contribution margin calculation and the gross margin calculation. Using target costing, the upper limits of variable and fixed costs are set to reach the break-even point. One of the main finding is that the average costs per litre of milk are by 15.3% higher in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. It is caused by a significantly lower milk yield in Slovakia. Cost controlling based on the knowledge about the structure of the average costs of milk production can help farmers to better manage their business.  

Forest Harvesting Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs in 1984

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis A. Werblow ◽  
Frederick W. Cubbage
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
The South ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Abstract Forest harvesting equipment purchase costs in 1984 were determined by a survey of equipment dealers and manufacturers operating in the South. Based on delivered purchase prices, fixed costs for equipment ownership were calculated using machine rate formulas. Equipment operating costs were estimated based on general guidelines, fuel consumption data, and historical records. The fixed and operating cost data can be used when considering equipment investments and analyzing actual or potential harvesting systems.

scholarly journals Impact of environmentally friendly technologies on costs and cost-effectiveness of a dairy cattle confinement system

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3Supl1) ◽  
pp. 1741-1758
Author(s):  
Marcos Aurelio Lopes ◽  
◽  
Fabiana Alves Demeu ◽  
Eduardo Mitke Brandão Reis ◽  
Francisval de Melo Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Center ◽  
Confinement System ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
The Cost

Our goal was to assess the economic impact of some environmentally friendly technologies on the production costs and cost-effectiveness of a dairy cattle confinement system, estimating environmental costs and their representativeness in both effective and total operating costs, as well as in the total cost. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of the cost center of milk production and identified the components that most affect final costs, estimating a break-even point (kg milk year-1) as well. The data were collected in a freestall full-confinement system of a dairy cattle farm located in southern Minas Gerais State (Brazil), from January 2016 to December 2017. The cost of milk production was estimated using a method based on the operating and total costs from a cost center involving lactating and dry dairy cows. The cost center of milk production showed to be economically feasible, showing positive gross and net margin results, as well as positive profitability and cost-effectiveness. Total environmental operating cost was on average R$ 0.015 per kg milk, which represented 1.985% of the total operating cost. Effective environmental operating cost was on average R$ 0.0059, which corresponded to 0.7788% of the total operating cost. Finally, total environmental cost was on average R$ 0.0317, representing 3.3280% of the total cost. The most representative items of the effective operating cost were in descending order: animal feed, workforce, animal health, animal production hormone (bovine somatotropin; bST), vehicle maintenance, machines and equipment, maintenance of improvements, electricity, and freestall bedding sand. Average break-even point was 1,104,038.54 kg milk year-1 or 3,024.76 kg milk day-1, while average production was 4,271,383.00 kg milk year-1 and 11,702.42 kg milk day-1.

A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR A MONITORING SYSTEM TO DETECT ESTRUS IN DAIRY COWS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. MORRIS ◽  
J. F. HURNIK ◽  
G. J. KING ◽  
H. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Break Even Point

A closed circuit television (TV) and videorecorder were used to monitor continuously the behaviour of postpartum dairy cows. All TV monitored cows were detected in estrus by the third ovulation postpartum, giving an expected calving interval of 362 days if cows were bred at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum. By comparison, cows tied in stalls and observed by the cowmen as part of their regular duties had an expected calving interval of 379 days. The average calving interval of cows recorded in the Canadian Record of Performance was 404 days. By considering the financial savings per lactation in feed and labour, and gains in milk production, all at three levels of net returns to variable costs per lactation and four levels of milk production, the financial advantage of installing the TV monitoring system was calculated. With an annual capital and operating cost of approximately $1,900 for the equipment, annual increases in profit per cow averaged $69 with a 42-day decrease in calving interval and $34 with a 17-day decrease in calving interval. The group sizes giving a break-even point were about 28 and 56 cows, respectively. These group sizes are specific to a year-round calving programme. In contrast, where calving was ideally over a short period benefits from a shorter calving interval would be more dependent on the mean calving interval before investment was considered.

scholarly journals Analysis of operating cost variability in selected sectors of the Czech Republic for the period 2007–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Martin Landa
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Cost Variability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Business Sectors

One of the major approaches to the analysis of economic performance is the concept of variable and fixed costs. This concept analyzes the relationship between corporate costs and profits. The tightness of this relationship (i.e. the costs variability rate) is an essential element of cost and profit management in different periods of a business life cycle. The type of business activity (production, trade and services) has a significant influence on the relationship between costs and profit (in particular of the operating type). This relationship can be examined mainly on the basis of the financial development of economic sectors. This article deals with the relationship between operating costs and operating profits in selected business sectors. For the analysis, the concept of synthetic and analytic cost model is used. The tightness of the relationship between operating costs and operating profits is determined by the method of correlation analysis. The quarterly data on the development of the Czech economy for the period of 2007–2010 represent the basis of the analysis; this period includes a phase of growth, of decline and of stagnation. The analysis of the costs variability allows us to understand the behavior of the “average” companies in various sectors in creating their costs and their management with the aim of achieving a profit. The results of the analysis show that the most companies are able to “control” their operating costs significantly in the relation to realized outputs; at the same time this means that a substantial part of the operating costs has a character of variable costs.

ANALISIS BIAYA VOLUME LABA PADA PT. HADINATA BROTHER DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN PENINGKATAN PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nur Rizqi
Keyword(s):  
Accounting System ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Product Mix ◽  
Key Words Cost Analysis ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Cost Accounting System ◽  
Break Even Point

Cost volume profit is concerned with determining the sales volume and product mix needed to achieve the level of profit. This analysis is a tool that will provide information to management about the relationship between costs, profits, product mix and sales volume based on the following assumptions: that all costs can be separated into part variable and part fixed, and that the total fixed costs are constant throughout the range analysis, and total variable costs change proportionately to changes in volume. The purpose of this study was to find a level of significance, the analysis reports in a vertical Income, Profit and Loss report analyzes horizontal and analytical results reported in the Profit and Loss concern cost volume profit at PT. Hadinata BROTHERSThe research method used is a case study method. This method covers the activities carried out by conducting research directly to the location to obtain the necessary data in connection with the problem under study. The study was conducted at the manufacturing company PT Hadinata BROTHERSFrom the results of research conducted, that the PT Hadinata BROTHERS January sales of 100%, February 77.02%, March 69.63%, 69.96% April, May 38.23%, 41.92% June decline highly significant, while the price of goods sold in January 97.65%, February 98.73%, March 90.59%, 97.66% April, May 177.40%, 112.25% in June and operating costs of January 2, 87% February 2.84% March 2.57% April 3.22% May 5.64% June 6.22%. Resulting in profits in January -0.53% February -1.67% March 6.83% -0.88% April, May -83.05%, -18.47% in June. So the calculation of break even point analysis (BEP) for January Rp. 1.884.750.000, February Rp. 1.6245 billion, in March Rp. 1.953.437.500, In April Rp. 1.889.750.000, May Rp. 1.323.000.000, June Rp. 1211370000.The results of the evaluation in this study that Analysis on the Income Statement in a vertical, PT Hadinata BROTHERS unprofitable can be said because it has not shown the numbers increased continuously. Overall in each unit of the income statement is presented there are irregularities that occurred at the Cost of Goods Sold which almost every month figures show a drop sales Cost of Goods or small. Analysis on the income statement horizontally, PT. Hadinata BROTHERS is a graph showing a decline in the percentage of each month. Overall figures on Cost of Goods Sold problems are large, while the sales figures showed a decline in every month. To anticipate the losses the company needs to make cost accounting system is organized so it can be budgeted revenues, expenses and profits as well. Key words: cost analysis of volume, profitability profit 

scholarly journals Optimal placement design for picking and packing in distribution centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 168781402110106
Author(s):  
John Rios ◽  
Rodrigo Linfati ◽  
Daniel Morillo-Torres ◽  
Iván Derpich ◽  
Gustavo Gatica
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Nonlinear Integer Programming ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Suitable Space ◽  
Efficient Distribution

An efficient distribution center (DC) is one that receives, stores, picks and packs products into new logistics units and then dispatches them to points of sale at the minimal operating cost. The picking and packing processes represent the highest operating cost of a DC, and both require a suitable space for their operation. An effective coordination between these zones prevents bottlenecks and has a direct impact on the DC’s operational results. In the existing literature, there are no studies that optimize the distribution of the picking and packing areas simultaneously while also reducing operating costs. This article proposes an integer nonlinear integer programming model that minimizes order preparation costs. It does so by predicting customer demand based on historical data and defining the ideal area for picking and packing activities. The model is validated through a real case study of seven clients and fifteen products. It achieves a [Formula: see text] reduction in operating costs when the optimal allocation of the picking and packing areas is made.

scholarly journals The effects of Petroselinum crispum extract on milk production parameters in female rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Shiva Roshankhah ◽  
Syrus Jalili ◽  
MohammadReza Salahshoor ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Production Parameters

scholarly journals INNOVATIONS IN PLANNING BASED ON THE MARGINAL APPROACH CONCEPT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Oliver ORLOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Products ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Analytical Tools

In modern economic theory and practice, there is a whole range of problems, where the lack of analytical tools does not allow adequately measuring the expected results. A number of hypotheses are presented; proofs of these hypotheses show that a set of important economic problems (planning of cost production, profit, break-even point by product, pricing for new products and evaluation of effectiveness of inno-vation projects) do not meet an appropriate solution because of the lack of analytical tools. As an alternative, solutions of these problems based on the marginal approach concept are proposed. Distribution of fixed costs between types of products (proposed in accordance with the concept of marginal approach) is inherently a covering of fixed costs by marginal profit and formation on this basis of profit and profitableness both by the types of products and by enterprise as a whole. The concept of the marginal approach was also used to solve the problems of pricing on new products of industrial and technical purpose, which allowed forming the lower and upper limits of prices on an anti-costly basis. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of innovative projects, which are pre-sented in economic literature and practice from the second half of the 20th century, are reduced to comparing investments with magnitude of profit from sale of an in-novative product during its life cycle. It is proposed to compare investments with the marginal profit received by the enterprise from a new product during its life cycle (of course, taking into account discounting). The results obtained have theoretical value, since they allow new ways to form cost price, profit and profitableness by product types, offer an anti-costly approach to pricing with provision of appropriate tools, as well as evaluation of effectiveness of innovation projects. And a practical significance of these results is to create ap-propriate conditions for a flexible cost management, profits and prices, which is es-pecially important for a rapidly changing market conditions.

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