Timed Strategy for Control of Bollworm for Sustainable Sorghum Crop Yield under Varied Regimes of Rainfall, Temperature and Soil Fertility

Various environmental factors influence yield of sorghum grain, Sorghum bicolor (L) in Sub-Sahara Africa. Various production conditions of rainfall amount, temperature regimes, soil fertility levels and bollworm Helicoverpa armigera density at specific sorghum grain stage were evaluated for effect to sorghum grain yield. High rainfall amount, high temperature and soil fertility levels were positively correlated to sorghum grain yield at three test sites at Ithookwe, Katumani and Kampi of eastern Kenya. The warmest Kampi site achieved the highest seed viability on germination test at 43, 87 and 99% for grain stage of light-green, cream-dough and hard dough, respectively. High H. armigera density was inversely correlated to grain yield. Comparatively, yield loss of < 10% was observed when grain was at early soft dough and > 35% as the grain ripened to early hard dough stage. Thus initial H. armigera damage occurred at late soft dough stage and increased exponentially as the grain ripened to early hard dough stage. The right time to spray against H. armigera was determined as at soft dough stage of sorghum grain to prevent economic damage of the crop. Thus fertility level, rainfall amount and time of bollworm pest attack were deemed worth considerations towards sustainable yield of sorghum.

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A semi-quantitative approach for modelling crop response to soil fertility: evaluation of the AquaCrop procedure

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859614000872 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 153 (7) ◽

pp. 1218-1233 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

H. VAN GAELEN ◽

A. TSEGAY ◽

N. DELBECQUE ◽

N. SHRESTHA ◽

M. GARCIA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Water ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

Fertility Level ◽

Crop Response ◽

Aquacrop Model

SUMMARYMost crop models make use of a nutrient-balance approach for modelling crop response to soil fertility. To counter the vast input data requirements that are typical of these models, the crop water productivity model AquaCrop adopts a semi-quantitative approach. Instead of providing nutrient levels, users of the model provide the soil fertility level as a model input. This level is expressed in terms of the expected impact on crop biomass production, which can be observed in the field or obtained from statistics of agricultural production. The present study is the first to describe extensively, and to calibrate and evaluate, the semi-quantitative approach of the AquaCrop model, which simulates the effect of soil fertility stress on crop production as a combination of slower canopy expansion, reduced maximum canopy cover, early decline in canopy cover and lower biomass water productivity. AquaCrop's fertility response algorithms are evaluated here against field experiments with tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) in Ethiopia, with maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Nepal, and with quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Bolivia. It is demonstrated that AquaCrop is able to simulate the soil water content in the root zone, and the crop's canopy development, dry above-ground biomass development, final biomass and grain yield, under different soil fertility levels, for all four crops. Under combined soil water stress and soil fertility stress, the model predicts final grain yield with a relative root-mean-square error of only 11–13% for maize, wheat and quinoa, and 34% for tef. The present study shows that the semi-quantitative soil fertility approach of the AquaCrop model performs well and that the model can be applied, after case-specific calibration, to the simulation of crop production under different levels of soil fertility stress for various environmental conditions, without requiring detailed field observations on soil nutrient content.

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Effect of Incorporation Time of Groundnut Residue on Succeeding Rice Crop

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.964 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214

Author(s):

NC Basak ◽

SM Altaf Hossain ◽

N Islam ◽

NI Bhuiyan

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Residue ◽

Rice Yield ◽

The Other ◽

Rice Crop ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Straw Yield ◽

Subsequent Effect ◽

The Right

An experiment was conducted during 1999 and 2000 kharif seasons to know the right time of incorporation of groundnut crop residue and its subsequent effect on the following rice crop. The treatments of the experiment were five incorporation time of groundnut crop residue i.e., 12 days before transplanting (12 DBT), 9 DBT, 6 DBT, 3 DBT and 0 DBT of following T. aus rice along with a control (no incorporation of residue). The results showed that yield contributing characters and yield of T. aus rice varied significantly and increased with the increase of incorporation time. But incorporation at 3 days before transplanting performed worst due to seedling mortality by gas injury. The other incorporation time treatments gave identical grain yield (3.69-3.99 t ha-1 in1999 and 3.90-4.10 t ha-1 in 2000) and straw yield (3.89-4.67 t ha-1 in 1999 and 4.00-4.43 t ha-1 in 2000). The average highest grain yield (4.04 t ha-1) was obtained from the treatment 12 DBT. Key words: Residue effect, Incorporation period, Rice, Yield, Soil fertility. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.964 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(2),207-214, 2008

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Long-term liming improves soil fertility and soybean root growth, reflecting improvements in leaf gas exchange and grain yield

European Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1016/j.eja.2021.126308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 126308

Author(s):

João William Bossolani ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽

José Roberto Portugal ◽

Luiz Gustavo Moretti ◽

Ariani Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Root Growth ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Soybean Root

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Winter wheat grain yield in response to different production practices and soil fertility in northern China

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/j.still.2017.10.001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 176 ◽

pp. 10-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lifang Wang ◽

Jutao Sun ◽

Zhengbin Zhang ◽

Ping Xu ◽

Zhouping Shangguan

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Northern China ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Production Practices

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Critical-point yield model to estimate yield damage caused by Cercospora zea-maydis in corn

Fitopatologia Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-41582007000200003 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 110-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Erlei M. Reis ◽

Jones A.P. Santos ◽

Marta Maria C. Blum

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Damage Threshold ◽

Damage Function ◽

Gray Leaf Spot ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Yield Model ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Grain Drying

A model to estimate damage caused by gray leaf spot of corn (Cercospora zea-maydis) was developed from experimental field data gathered during the summer seasons of 2000/01 and during the second crop season [January-seedtime] of 2001, in the southwest of Goiás state. Three corn hybrids were grown over two seasons and on two sites, resulting in 12 experimental plots. A disease intensity gradient (lesions per leaf) was generated through application, three times over the season, of five different doses of the fungicide propiconazol. From tasseling onward, disease intensity on the ear leaf (El), and El - 1, El - 2, El + 1, and El + 2, was evaluated weekly. A manual harvest at the physiological ripening stage was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Finally, grain yield in kg.ha-1 was estimated. Regression analysis, performed between grain yield and all combinations of the number of lesions on each leaf type, generated thirty linear equations representing the damage function. To estimate losses caused by different disease intensities at different corn growth stages, these models should first be validated. Damage coefficients may be used in determining the economic damage threshold.

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Effects of inter-cropping lablab (Lablab purpureus) with selected sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties on plant morphology, sorghum grain yield, forage yield and quality in Kalu District, South Wollo, Ethiopia

Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales ◽

10.17138/tgft(9)216-224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 216-224

Author(s):

Rahel Kahsay ◽

Yeshambelm Ekuriaw ◽

Bimrew Asmare

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Plant Morphology ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Lablab Purpureus ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Sorghum Grain

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of inter-cropping lablab (Lablab purpureus) with 3 selected early-maturing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties (Teshale, Girana-1 and Misikir) on plant morphology, sorghum grain and forage yield and quality plus yield and quality of lablab forage, and to assess farmers’ perceptions of the crops in Kalu District, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Seven treatments, namely: T1 - sole lablab (SL); T2 - Teshale + lablab (TL); T3 - Girana-1 + lablab (GL); T4 - Misikir + lablab (ML); T5 - sole Teshale (ST); T6 - sole Girana-1 (SG); and T7 - sole Misikir (SM), were used with 3 replications in a randomized complete block design. The data collected from sorghum varieties were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, dry biomass yield and grain yield; and for lablab was: plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, number of branches per plant, number of nodules per plant and dry biomass yield. Grain yield was determined on sorghum at maturity, while lablab was harvested at 50% flowering. Inter-cropped Girana-1 produced yields of both grain and stover and lablab forage similar to those for pure stands of the 2 crops, while inter-cropping of Teshale and Misikir with lablab reduced height, grain and stover yields of sorghum and yields of lablab forage (P<0.05). However, crude protein concentration in sorghum stover was enhanced when grown as an inter-crop with lablab (P<0.05). Land equivalent ratios for inter-crop treatments were 54‒87% higher than those for pure stands. Farmers readily identified the combination Girana-1 + lablab as superior to the other associations. While farmers can improve productivity of their farms by inter-cropping these sorghum varieties, preferably Girana-1, with lablab, more studies should be conducted to determine benefits from sowing other legumes with sorghum. Any improvements in soil N levels from planting the legumes should be quantified.

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LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GRAIN LEGUMES ON RAINY-SEASON SORGHUM PRODUCTIVITY IN A SEMI-ARID TROPICAL VERTISOL

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s001447970000209x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 205-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. J. REGO ◽

V. NAGESWARA RAO

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Central India ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Carthamus Tinctorius ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Total N ◽

Sorghum Grain

In southern and central India, farmers crop Vertisols only in the post-rainy season, to avoid land management problems in the rainy season. In 1983 ICRISAT established a long-term trial seeking to intensify cropping. The trial included intercrops, sequential crops and appropriate Vertisol management technology to allow consecutive rainy-season and post-rainy season crops to be grown. Benefits provided by legumes to succeeding rainy-season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were analysed in relation to a non-legume system of sorghum + safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Rainy-season sorghum grain yield production was sustained at about 2.7 t ha−1 over 12 years within a continuous sorghum–pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercrop system. With a cowpea–pigeonpea intercrop system, succeeding sorghum benefitted each year by about 40 kg N ha−1 (fertilizer nitrogen (N) equivalent). Without N fertilizer application the sorghum grain yield was around 3.3 t ha−1. Legume benefits were less marked in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-based rotation than in the pigeonpea system, in which a 12-year build up of soil total N (about 125 μg g−1) was observed. Although sorghum benefitted from this system, pigeonpea yields declined over time due to soil-borne fungi and nematodes. Wider rotations of crops with pigeonpea may help to overcome these problems, while sustaining sorghum production.

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Integration of cover crops and fertilizer rates for weed management in celery

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-05-078r.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (02) ◽

pp. 326-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kevin S. Charles ◽

Mathieu Ngouajio ◽

Darryl D. Warncke ◽

Kenneth L. Poff ◽

Mary K. Hausbeck

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Fertility Level ◽

Hairy Vetch ◽

Bare Ground ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Oilseed Radish

Field studies were carried out in Laingsburg, MI, from 2002 to 2004 on Houghton muck soil to assess the impacts of cover crops and soil fertility regimes on weed populations and celery yield. The cover crops were oilseed radish, cereal rye, hairy vetch, and a bare ground control. The fertility rates were full (180, 90, and 450 kg ha−1nitrogen [N], phosphorus pentoxide [P2O5], and potassium oxide [K2O], respectively), half (90, 45, and 225 kg ha−1N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively), and low (90 kg ha−1N). Each cover crop treatment was combined with the low or half rate of fertilizer. An additional treatment with bare ground plus the full rate of fertilizer was added as standard practice. Treatments were maintained in the same location for the duration of the study. Major weed species were common chickweed, prostrate pigweed, shepherd's-purse, common purslane, and yellow nutsedge. Each year, oilseed radish consistently produced the greatest biomass and provided over 98% early season weed biomass suppression. Hairy vetch and cereal rye provided about 70% weed suppression in early spring. Soil fertility level affected weed populations during the 2004 growing season. In 2004, weed biomass in treatments without cover crops or with vetch increased when greater amounts of fertilizer were applied. Within individual fertility levels, higher celery yields were recorded in the oilseed radish plots. For example, in the low fertility rate, celery yield was 34.8, 29.2, 23.9, and 24.4 ton ha−1in the oilseed radish, cereal rye, hairy vetch, and control plots, respectively in 2003. Overall, the results of this experiment indicate that when included in a system where hoeing and hand-weeding are the only weed control methods, cover crops can successfully improve weed management and celery yield on muck soils, allowing reduced fertilizer inputs.

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Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20150310 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

Luiz Carlos Bordin ◽

Ricardo Trezi Casa ◽

Leandro Luiz Marcuzzo ◽

Erlei Melo Reis ◽

André Gheller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Critical Point ◽

Damage Threshold ◽

Brown Spot ◽

Simultaneous Occurrence ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Damage Functions ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Damage Coefficient

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

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