Growth Response of Black Spruce in Newfoundland to N, P and K Fertilization

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. van Nostrand
Keyword(s):  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Area And Volume

Results are given for two NPK fertilizer trials established in 1967 and 1968 in 60-year-old black spruce stands in central Newfoundland. After nine years, replicated Trial 1 showed significant basal area and volume growth response over control for N, NP, NK and NPK treatments. N and NPK produced the greatest response where gains of 20 m3/ha and 23 m3/ha respectively were achieved after nine years. Similar results were obtained from non-replicated Trial 2 after eight years, where all treatments containing N produced approximately equal response. Maximum response in radial increment, measured from increment cores of sample trees, occurred four to six years after initial treatment. Generally, response was greater for dominant and co-dominant trees than for trees in the intermediate crown class.

scholarly journals Response of Black Spruce to Thinning and Fertilization in a Drained Swamp

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R. Hillman ◽  
Sam K. Takyi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Experimental Project ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Plot Design ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract A split-plot design experiment replicated in four blocks was established to determine the effects of thinning (main plots) and fertilization (subplots) on growth of a 50- to 60-yr-old stagnant stand of black spruce on a shallow peatland (swamp) in Alberta drained in the previous year in a large-scale experimental project to convert it to a future merchantable stand. The thinning treatments were selective hand-spacing to 1600 trees ha-1 and no thinning. The hand-broadcast fertilizer treatments were: no fertilizer, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), NP, PK, NK, and NPK. Nitrogen as NH4NO3 was applied at 200 kg ha-1, P as triplesuperphosphate at 100 kg ha-1, and K as potassium chloride at 100 kg ha-1. After six growing seasons, diameter at breast height, basal area, and volume growth were significantly greater in the thinned treatment than for the same number of large (dominant and codominant) trees in the unthinned treatment. Thinning had no significant effect on height growth. Nitrogen significantly increased dbh, height, basal area, and volume growth, and NP increased the basal area and volume growth. P, K, and PK treatments showed little effects on growth, and P applied alone tended to reduce growth. The results indicated it will be beneficial to supplement drainage with thinning or fertilization with N and N-containing fertilizers or with both shortly after drainage, particularly when other researchers have indicated black spruce may take several years to respond to drainage. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):98-105.

scholarly journals Response of advance regeneration to intensity of harvest and fertilization on boreal wetlands

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Teng ◽  
S E Bailey ◽  
N W Foster ◽  
P W Hazlettr
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Boreal Peatlands ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Light Medium

Post-harvest nutrient status and growth of understory black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) advance regeneration during the first seven years after harvest with advance regeneration protection (HARP) was evaluated on two boreal wetlands in northeastern Ontario. Three intensities of HARP were investigated: light, medium and heavy, corresponding to 35, 50, 100% basal area removal of merchantable trees. Limiting nutrients were diagnosed with a nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) potassium (K) fertilization trial. Release by HARP significantly improved foliar N by 43–214%,and P by 40–317%, stimulated needle mass by 13–114% and annual height increment of spruce by 6–50% on all three HARP treatments. Growth of spruce was statistically greater after heavy release than the other two HARP treatments by the sixth year. Fertilization with a combination of N and P further increased needle biomass and height increment by 23–46% and 16–26%, respectively. Nitrogen and, secondly, P were limiting for rapid natural reestablishment of black spruce stands on boreal peatlands. Key words: black spruce, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, clearcut

scholarly journals Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
Paul A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Product Class ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.

Growth Response to Fertilization in Young Douglas-Fir Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S. Heath ◽  
H. N. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Intermediate Region ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Inverse Effect

Abstract Response surface methodology was used to estimate six-year volume growth response to 1 application of 200 lb nitrogen per acre in unthinned and thinned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands of breast height age (bha) 25 years or less. Regional mean fertilizer response was 16% in unthinned stands and 20% in thinned stands. Site index had an increasingly inverse effect on response as basal area increased in both unthinned and thinned stands. Response varied little over site index in regions of low basal area, decreased moderately as site index increased in the intermediate region, and decreased rapidly in the high basal area region. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):116-119, October 1989.

scholarly journals Strip Thinning and Spacing Increases Tree Growth of Young Black Spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanie Burns ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann ◽  
Don Perala
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Increased Growth Response

Abstract Two different thinning methods were applied to three 6- or 7-yr-old black spruce stands in northern Minnesota which were measured after 20 yr. Overall, thinning improved the growing conditions for crop trees. Strip thinning with a 0.6 m leave strip and three widths of cleared strips (1.5 m, 2.1 m, and 2.7 m), and spacing to 1.5 m, 2.1 m, and 2.7 m resulted in reduced numbers of crop trees, but with larger diameters and, in the spacing thinned plots, greater heights. Because of these contradicting trends, stand volume was unaffected by thinning. Crop tree growth was not affected by the width of the cleared strip, but the distances between the leave trees in the square spacing were positively related to the increased growth response after thinning. The study is still too young to evaluate the economic feasibility of both thinning treatments, but shorter rotations or substantially increased volume seem possible by early thinnings of black spruce. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2):68-72.

A 10-year tree and stand response of jack pine to urea fertilization and low thinning

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Groot ◽  
Kenneth M. Brown ◽  
Ian K. Morrison ◽  
J. E. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Urea Fertilization

This study examined the 10-year effects of a light (20% basal area removed) low thinning and urea fertilization (336 kg N/ha) on a 45-year-old Pinusbanksiana Lamb. stand. Thinning had no effect other than salvaging potential mortality, while fertilization resulted in an average annual gross volume growth response of about 2 m3 ha−1 year−1. Volume growth response to fertilization was greatest in the largest diameter trees, and continued until 10 years after treatment. Growth response did not begin until the second growing season after treatment. There were indications that fertilization had positive effects on form factor.

Predicting basal area increment in a spatially explicit, individual tree model: a test of competition measures with black spruce

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mailly ◽  
Sylvain Turbis ◽  
David Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Spatial Indices ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Competition Indices

A current trend in the development of forest stand models is to use spatially explicit, individual-tree information to simulate forest dynamics with increased accuracy. By adding spatial information, such as tree coordinates, crown shape, and size, it is hypothesized that the computation of the model's driving function is improved over traditional competition indices, especially when simulating multistoried stands. In this paper, we want to test whether computationally demanding competition indices outperform traditional indices in predicting mean basal area increment. The study was undertaken in old, uneven-aged black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in northeastern Quebec, Canada. The predictability of individual tree growth rates was related to crown dimensions and other stand and tree variables measured in the field. Data were collected from 90 trees coming from stands of varying site quality (range 9.6–16.5 m height at 50 years, age taken at 1 m) and age (range 66–257 years). Hegyis's distance-dependent competition index was found to be the most strongly correlated competition measure (r = 0.57) with mean basal area growth of the last 20 years. This value, 12% higher than the value obtained from the best distance-independent competition index (r = 0.45), clearly shows that precision gains can be achieved when estimating basal area increment with spatial indices in black spruce stands. Using indices computed from virtual hemispherical images did not prove superior to simpler distance-dependent indices based on their individual correlations with basal area increment. When included in a basal area increment model for the last 20 years of growth, however, the gains in precision were comparable to Hegyi's competition index. This indicates that indices derived from a hemispherical approach have some value in spatially explicit forest simulations models but that further tests using younger stands are needed to confirm this result in black spruce stands.

Growth Response of a Boreal Black Spruce Stand to Fertilizer Treatments

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil W. Foster ◽  
Ian K. Morrison ◽  
H. S. D. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Results are reported for a fertilizer field trial with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers in a 100-yr-old black spruce stand in the Lake Nipigon region of northern Ontario. A comparison of four levels of N (0, 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha) revealed significant effects (p = .05) of treatment on diameter growth. In a comparison of N (112 and 224 kg/ha) in combination with K and PK (74 and 93 kg/ha, respectively) the volume growth of fertilized trees, at the end of 5 and 10 years, was generally greater than that of controls, but not significantly greater (p = .05). The best 10- year growth response was to 224 kg N/ha, which produced 7.4 m3/ha of extra wood over controls. No additional growth was realized when K and PK were added with N. North. J. Appl. For. 3:142-144, Dec. 1986.

Stand volume tables: Application to black spruce stands of Lebel-sur-Quévillon

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chhun-Huor Ung ◽  
Denis Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Great Stability ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Volume Table ◽  
Dominant Height ◽  
Substantial Error ◽  
Spruce Stands

Within the framework of large-scale forest management, the application of Eichhorn's law, which employs dominant height or mean height exclusively to predict tree volumes per hectare, is certainly rapid, but high accuracy is not guaranteed. Substantial error occurred when this method was used in a study of boreal black spruce stands (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Use of both basal area per hectare and dominant height, however, permitted estimation of total volume per hectare and volume to 9 cm top with only 11 and 12% error, respectively. The form factors for total volume and volume to 9 cm top showed great stability. For this reason, use of the simple conventional formula (V = G.H.F.) to estimate standing volumes is justified. Key words: Stand volume table, Eichhorn's law, stand form factor

Stand development following precommercial thinning and fertilization treatments in a western redcedar (Thuja plicata) dominated forest

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
Warren D. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Area And Volume

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.) is an important North American tree species, but little information is available on its long-term responses to silvicultural treatments. Stand responses (mortality, ingrowth, basal area and volume growth, and distributions of trees by diameter and height classes) were followed for 25 years after thinning and fertilization treatments (alone and in combination) were applied to a naturally regenerated, low site quality western redcedar stand on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA. Mortality was low overall, but the densest stands experienced competition-related mortality. Thinning resulted in additional stem recruitment; after 25 years, the number of ingrowth trees exceeded the number of trees in the cohort left after thinning. Fertilization (with nitrogen and phosphorus) flattened size distributions and skewed them to larger size classes. Thinning plus fertilization resulted in the largest individual trees and the most large trees, but also many trees in a wide range of diameter classes. The recruitment of a second cohort did not result in a two-storied stand. Fertilization without thinning resulted in the greatest stand basal area and volume, as well as trees with fewer live lower branches.

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